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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Congenital leukaemia is a rare disease with approximately 100 cases reported in the literature. It is most often diagnosed as acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). Leukaemic skin nodules and hepatosplenomegaly are the most frequent clinical findings noted. The laboratory manifestations include a markedly elevated white count with a large percentage of blasts, and a bone marrow aspirate that is cellular with a monotonous population of immature cells. Neonatal leukaemoid and leucoerythroblastic reactions may cause diagnostic confusion. In particular, the neonate with Down's syndrome can manifest either AML or a profound transient myeloproliferative syndrome that is clinically and haematologically indistinguishable from congenital AML. In contrast to congenital leukaemia, however, this myeloproliferative syndrome is transient and resolves spontaneously without anti-leukaemia therapy. On the other hand, untreated congenital leukaemia is a fatal disease. For this reason it is important to establish early diagnosis of congenital leukaemia and institute therapy. Treatment programmes should be modelled after established childhood programmes for acute lymphocytic leukaemia and acute myelogenous leukaemia.
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PMID:Congenital leukaemia and the neonatal myeloproliferative disorders associated with Down's syndrome. 14 90

Neocarzinostatin (NCZ), an acidic polypeptide antibiotic, was given to 47 patients with cancer and leukemia, and tolerance to two schedules, a single dose given as a 2 hour infusion and a continuous infusion over 5 days was investigated. Immediate reactions, including fever, chills, rigor, hypertension and mental confusion, were dose-limiting for the 2 hour infusion schedule, occurring at 3000 U/m2 and higher. Continuous administration for 5 days eliminated the immediate reactions and then hematological toxicity--often prolonged leukopenia and thrombocytopenia--became dose-limiting. Other toxicities of NCZ at both dose schedules included anemia, fever and chills, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, hepatic dysfunction, azotemia, hypophosphatemia, aminoaciduria, stomatitis, phlebitis and/or cellulitis at the venous infusion site and pruritus. Patients with solid tumors who had received little or no prior chemotherapy and had good bone marrow reserve tolerated up to 6000 U/m2/24 hours X 5 days. One patient with previously treated acute myelocytic leukemia was induced into a good partial remission lasting 10 weeks.
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PMID:Phase I study with neocarzinostatin: tolerance to two hour infusion and continuous infusion. 15 43

Studies carried out over the past four decades on factors controlling the susceptibility to viral leukemias in mice have shown the existence of specific controlling gene loci. Evidence from a number of studies using various mouse strains and different leukemia viruses has shown that the controlling genes may act either directly or indirectly. "In vitro" experiments have shown controlling effects directed by the prospective target cells themselves in which effective virus infection and/or and/or replication is inhibitied. From "in vivo" experiments it is also evident that susceptibility may be controlled through indirect means mediated by immune relationships and other factors involved in the basic regulations of hematopoiesis. The present paper presents a brief review of the various genes known to control susceptibility and resistance to murine leukemia viruses. Certain conflicts in the literature relating to the naming of particular specific genes by different laboratories is also discussed, and some minor revisions in nomenclature designed to resolve some of the existing confusion are proposed.
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PMID:Genetic influence in murine viral leukemogenesis. 19 Nov 15

New methods helpful in the classification of lymphoid and monocytoid leukaemias and haematosarcomas have recently become available. Among the most valuable procedures have been those detecting immunological markers and the ultrastructural analysis permitted by convention and scanning electron microscopy. The results of these studies, taken together with a meticulous morphologic examination on Giemsa smears allow a more subtle classification on these neoplasias. Among the most interesting points, one can list: a) The description of macroglobulinemic proplasmocytic leukaemia; b) The observation that all the prognostic parameters in the four types of common acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL) (prolymphocytic, microlymphocytic, macrolymphocytic, prolymphoblastic) such as age, tumour mass (or leucocytosis are related to the cytological type); T marker may be found in all these types, except for the prolymphoblastic one; c) T or B immunoblastic acute lymphoid leukaemias have been described as a fifth type of ALL; d) The lymphosarcomas which can be histologically nodular (composed of B cells) or diffuse (composed of cells presenting B, T or no markers) can be cytologically prolymphocytic or lymphoblastic (or lymphoblastoid) if they are nodular, prolymphocytic, lymphoblastic, or immunoblastic if they are diffuse; true (African) Burkitt's lymphosarcomas (BLS) must be distinguished from all the pseudo (non-African) Burkitt's lymphosarcomas which have been described elsewhere and which are either immunoblastic or lymphoblastic (oid) lymphosarcomas with a few macrophages; e) The diagnosis of reticulosarcoma which was in the past abusively carried out (because of confusion with immunoblastic lymphosarcoma) is based on the presence of many reticluins fibers at histological examination and on the cytological aspect of the cells on smears (the distinction of those cells with immunoblasts is easy).
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PMID:[Recent progress made in the classification of lymphoid and monocytoid leukemias and of lympho- and reticulo-sarcomas]. 76 87

New methods helpful in the classification of lymphoid and monocytoid leukaemias and haematosarcomas have recently become available. Among the most valuable procedures have been those detecting immunological markers and the ultrastructural analysis permitted by convention and scanning electron microscopy. The results of these studies, taken together with a meticulous morphologic examination on Giemsa smears allow a more subtle classification on these neoplasias. Among the most interesting points, one can list: a) The observation that all the prognostic parameters in the four types of common acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL) (prolymphocytic, microlymphoblastic, macrolymphoblastic, prolymphoblastic) such as age, tumour mass (or leucocytosis) are related to the cytological type; T marker may be found in all these types, except in the prolymphoblastic; b) T or B acute lymphoid immunoblastic leukaemias has been described as a fifth type of ALL; c) The lymphosarcomas which can be histologically nodular (composed of B cells) or diffuse (composed of cells presenting B, T or no markers) can be cytologically prolymphocytic or lymphoblastic (or lymphoblastoid) if they are nodular, prolymphocytic, lymphoblastic or immunoblastic if they are diffuse; true (African) Burkitt's lymphosarcomas (BLS) must be distinguished from all the pseudo (non-African) Burkitt's lymphosarcomas which have been described elsewhere and which are either immunoblastic or lymphoblastic (oid) lymphosarcomas with a few macrophages. d) The diagnosis of reticulosarcoma which was in the past abusively carried out (because of confusion with immunoblastic lymphosarcoma) is based on the presence of many reticulins fibers at histological examination and on the cytological aspect of the cells on smears (the distinction of those cells with immunoblasts is easy).
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PMID:Progress in the classification of lymphoid and/or monocytoid leukemias and of lympho and reticulosarcomas (non-Hodgkin's lymphomas). 80 67

Cerebral fungal infection is becoming an increasingly recognized entity in immunocompromised patients on post-mortem examination. In order to determine the frequency of clinically significant cerebral fungal infection and define its clinical characteristics in a cohort of immunocompromised patients at high risk of fungal infection, the records of 118 patients with acute leukemia were examined for 57 clinical and laboratory features. The characteristics of 26 patients with systemic aspergillosis and acute leukemia were compared to 92 patients with acute leukemia in a control group. Eight of 118 patients (7%) had cerebral infection (seven Aspergillus, on Candida). Patients with systemic aspergillosis were more likely than patients in the control group to have focal neurologic findings (p = 0.02), confusion (p = 0.04), and abnormal computerized tomography (CT) of the brain characterized by single or multiple, enhancing or non-enhancing hypodense lesions (p = 0.02). Patients with systemic aspergillosis were more likely to die in complete remission than patients in the control group (p = 0.003); three of six patients with aspergillosis who died in remission expired as a consequence of cerebral infection. Cerebral infection complicated systemic Aspergillus infection in seven of 26 patients (27%), versus one of 16 patients with systemic Candida infection (6%) (p = NS). The authors conclude, therefore, that systemic aspergillosis complicating acute leukemia is more likely to be associated with confusion, focal neurologic findings, and abnormal CT scan of the brain, and that these findings suggest the presence of cerebral infection. In addition, cerebral infection commonly complicates the course of systemic aspergillosis, and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with acute leukemia. A high index of suspicion is needed to insure early diagnosis and appropriate therapy, particularly in those who achieve remission of their leukemia.
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PMID:Cerebral infection complicating systemic aspergillosis in acute leukemia: clinical and radiographic presentation. 161 41

It is widely assumed that after the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki there were no lasting effects of the acute injuries (which included extensive damage to blood forming tissues by the radiation) or the massively high death rate (which was caused by environmental effects of the blast as well as personal injuries). However, close inspection of the dose response curves for non-cancer deaths has shown that this could be a false impression caused by one effect of marrow aplasia being confused with leukemia (defective erythropoiesis) and a second effect being confused with early selection in favor of general fitness (defective immune responses). Possible consequences of such confusion (for cancer risk coefficients) are discussed in relation to what is known about late effects of prenatal x-rays and occupational exposures to radiation.
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PMID:Evaluation of delayed effects of ionizing radiation: an historical perspective. 180 9

A case of Listeria monocytogenes bacteraemia and meningitis with intracerebral abscesses in a girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in relapse is reported. The clinical features included subacute onset with fever and marked irritability followed by seizures, meningism and confusion. The pathogen was isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Computerised tomography of the brain showed two intracerebral parenchymal localisations, in the left frontal lobe and in the right occipital lobe, respectively. The patient survived this severe infection without neurological sequelae. 2 months later she underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation without major complications. This case report should alert pediatric oncologists about the possible occurrence of severe intracerebral listerial infections in the immunocompromised child and suggests that this infection can be treated successfully and should not necessarily preclude continuation of antineoplastic treatments.
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PMID:Listeria monocytogenes brain abscesses in a girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after late central nervous system relapse. 182 16

An 82-year-old woman developed acute neuropsychiatric signs (confusion, disorders of speech and vision) together with ataxic gait and left hemiparesis mainly affecting the lower limb. For 10 years she had been known to have chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) which had not hitherto needed treatment. The patient had an exceptionally high leucocyte count (1,300,000/microliters), most of the cells being morphologically atypical lymphocytes. The computed tomogram of the skull showed a marginal zone infarct with a hypodense focus in the area of the right middle and posterior cerebral arteries, extending from the cortical to subcortical zones almost as far as the posterior horn. This was interpreted as a leukostasis syndrome with cerebral infarction due to rapid progression of the CLL. Significant reduction of leucocyte count with considerable improvement in clinical signs was achieved after three doses of vincristine and prednisone together with one cycle of COP (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone) therapy. Although the leucocyte count is not an important criterion in planning the therapy of CLL, in the event of rapidly increasing leucocytosis it is important to begin cytoreductive treatment in good time so as to avert the leukostasis syndrome.
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PMID:[The leukostasis syndrome with a cerebral infarct in rapidly progressing chronic lymphatic leukemia]. 188 54

The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident, in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR), on April 26, 1986, was the first major nuclear power plant accident that resulted in a large-scale fire and subsequent explosions, immediate and delayed deaths of plant operators and emergency service workers, and the radioactive contamination of a significant land area. The release of radioactive material, over a 10-day period, resulted in millions of Soviets, and other Europeans, being exposed to measurable levels of radioactive fallout. Because of the effects of wind and rain, the radioactive nuclide fallout distribution patterns are not well defined, though they appear to be focused in three contiguous Soviet Republics: the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR, and the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. Further, because of the many radioactive nuclides (krypton, xenon, cesium, iodine, strontium, plutonium) released by the prolonged fires at Chernobyl, the long-term medical, psychological, social, and economic effects will require careful and prolonged study. Specifically, studies on the medical (leukemia, cancers, thyroid disease) and psychological (reactive depressions, post-traumatic stress disorders, family disorganization) consequences of continued low dose radiation exposure in the affected villages and towns need to be conducted so that a coherent, comprehensive, community-oriented plan may evolve that will not cause those already affected any additional harm and confusion.
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PMID:Consequences of the nuclear power plant accident at Chernobyl. 189 37


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