Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023418 (leukemia)
 93,477 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cohort consisted of 11,178 Mead Corporation employees (9,358 males and 1,820 females) who had worked for at least one year between January 1, 1975 and December 31, 1992 at seven pulp and/or paper mills in the United States. The vital status of the cohort was determined through a variety of sources over an observation period of 17 years (1976-1992). Mortality data were analyzed in terms of cause-specific standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), with expected deaths based on U.S. national mortality rates. Job categories with similar exposures were created based on an historical exposure assessment. Mortality analyses were performed separately for total female and male employees. Among female employees, overall mortality was less than expected, and no significant cause-specific mortality excesses were observed. The small number of deaths among female employees did not permit further detailed analyses. Among male employees, statistically significant deficits from overall mortality (SMR = 69.0) and from all cancers (SMR = 71.3) were reported. In addition, low mortality risks for many specific causes were also observed, including many specific cancer sites, various types of cardiovascular diseases, and different forms of nonmalignant respiratory diseases. In particular, there was no mortality excess from lung cancer (SMR = 77.5), digestive cancer (SMR = 69.4), stomach cancer (SMR = 46.7), laryngeal cancer (no observed death), rectal cancer (SMR = 82.8). Hodgkin's lymphoma (no observed death), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SMR = 103.6), leukemia (SMR = 72.2), diabetes mellitus (SMR = 110.4), ischemic heart disease (SMR = 80.0), and nonmalignant respiratory diseases (SMR = 36.7). Furthermore, detailed analyses by length of employment, interval since hire (latency), and job category demonstrated no occupationally related mortality increases from any of the diseases examined. Specifically, based on internal comparisons, no upward trends in cause-specific mortality risk were observed by duration of employment. In conclusion, the results of this epidemiologic investigation demonstrated a favorable mortality experience for employees at the seven pulp and/or paper mills.
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PMID:An epidemiologic study of employees at seven pulp and paper mills. 889 92

Dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin, or TCDD) is a powerful carcinogen in experimental animals, whereas the evidence in humans is limited. We examined cancer mortality from 1976 to 1991 among residents of Seveso, Italy, which was highly contaminated after an industrial accident. The area was divided into zones with decreasing exposure to dioxin (A = highest, B = lower, R = lowest). The population of a surrounding noncontaminated area was used as a reference group. Zone A was small (11,516 person-years); in that zone, we saw a moderate increase in mortality from digestive cancer among women [relative risk (RR) = 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5-3.5]. In zone B, we also saw excesses at digestive sites (83,610 person-years), 10 years after the accident. Women had an increased mortality from stomach cancer (RR = 2.4; 95% CI = 0.8-5.7), and men had increased mortality from rectal cancer (RR = 6.2; 95% CI = 1.7-15.9). Hematologic neoplasms were increased. The highest risks were seen in zone B for leukemia in men (RR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.3-6.4), multiple myeloma in women (RR = 6.6; 95% CI = 1.8-16.8), and Hodgkin's disease in both genders (RR = 3.3; 95% CI = 0.4-11.9 in men; and RR = 6.5; 95% CI = 0.7-23.5 in women). Soft tissue sarcoma was elevated only among zone R males (256,408 person-years; RR = 2.1; 95% CI = 0.6-5.4). We found no increase for all-cancer mortality or major specific sites (for example, respiratory among males, breast among females). The specific excesses that we observed were not explained by bias or confounding, and their association with dioxin exposure is plausible. The follow-up is continuing.
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PMID:Dioxin exposure and cancer risk: a 15-year mortality study after the "Seveso accident". 934 64

Following the clinical observations that tumor metastases are extremely rare in striated muscles we defined recently a low molecular weight factor which is released by muscle cells (muscle factor, MF) and possesses specific anti-proliferative activity against tumor cells. we demonstrate that peripheral blood mononuclear cells constitutively release low molecular weight factor (LMF) similar to the MF which is capable of inhibiting in vitro the proliferation of carcinoma, melanoma, leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. The proliferation of normal cells such as bone marrow or fibroblasts was not inhibited but slightly stimulated following incubation with the LMF. Biochemical purification of this factor by several HPLC steps revealed that the inhibitory activity against tumor cells was concentrated within two definitive peaks. The LMF affects tumor cell growth by arresting them in the G0/G1 of the cell cycle and its activity is species and tumor non-specific. In vivo studies in melanoma- bearing mice revealed that the LMF inhibited melanoma growth when given either intraperitoneally or orally. Mononuclear cells from cancer patients with different malignancies (non-Hodgkin lymphoma, malignant melanoma, colon carcinoma and carcinoma of the rectum) secreted lower level of LMF in comparison to healthy subjects. The capability of the LMF to inhibit tumor cell growth and promote normal cell proliferation combined with its bioavailability in vivo may lead to its potential therapeutic and diagnostic use.
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PMID:Mononuclear cells release low molecular weight factors with anti-cancer activity: A lower level of production by cells of cancer patients. 949 56

The cause-specific mortality (1940-1993) of 2,985 male workers employed in three oil refineries was examined using a proportionate mortality study design. Separate analyses were undertaken by race, refinery, employment status (active and retired), and time since entry into the Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers (OCAW) union. Proportionate cancer mortality ratio (PCMR) analyses also were conducted. Proportionate mortality ratios (PMR) were significantly increased (P < 0.05) for cancers of the lip (PMR = 384), stomach (PMR = 142), unspecified sites of the liver (PMR = 238), pancreas (PMR = 151), connective tissues (PMR = 243), prostate (PMR = 135), eye (PMR = 407), brain (PMR = 181), benign and unspecified neoplasms (PMR = 289), and leukemia (PMR = 175) for the entire cohort. Significantly decreased mortality was observed for respiratory tuberculosis (PMR = 29), esophageal cancer (PMR = 45), rectal cancer (PMR = 49), and cancers of the bladder and other urinary organs (PMR = 40). Skin cancer was observed to be significantly increased (PMR = 242) for workers with less than 20 years since union initiation. Significantly increased PCMRs were seen for cancers of unspecified sites of the liver (PCMR = 205), brain (PCMR = 147), benign and unspecified neoplasms (PCMR = 243), and leukemia (PCMR = 146). Among nonwhites, an increased risk of bone cancer was observed in the PCMR analysis (PCMR = 704), although based on only two deaths. Analyses of mortality patterns for white males by refinery revealed similar patterns in each refinery as was seen in the overall cohort of refinery workers. Mortality patterns for whites and nonwhites also were similar. Additional analyses of deaths between 1960 and 1993 demonstrated increased mortality due to asbestosis (PMR = 683) and multiple myeloma (PMR = 124), although the multiple myeloma excess was not statistically significant. Ten deaths due to mesotheliomas were observed among these refinery workers.
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PMID:Proportionate mortality among union members employed at three Texas refineries. 988 51

Adenocarcinoma of the rectum remains a significant public health challenge, with 39,000 new cases and 8,500 deaths predicted for 1998. Radical surgery, the current standard therapy, frequently necessitates the formation of a permanent colostomy and is associated with significant morbidity. For these reasons, alternatives to radical surgery have been sought. This review focuses on sphincter-sparing surgical modalities for distal rectal cancer. An extensive review of the literature on local excision alone, local excision plus postoperative radiation therapy (with or without chemotherapy), and local excision following preoperative chemoradiotherapy is presented. The design and interim results of the sole prospective multi-institution trial of local excision, Cancer and Leukemia Group B trial 8984, are also summarized. The literature on this subject, which is dominated by single-institution, retrospective reports, fails to support local excision as a superior or equal therapy to radical surgical excision for invasive distal rectal adenocarcinoma. The crucial question regarding the efficacy of radical surgical salvage for local recurrence following local excision also remains unanswered. We conclude that the role of local excision for invasive distal rectal adenocarcinoma remains undefined. If there is a future for this therapeutic modality, it will depend significantly on rigorous patient selection, provided that the efficacy of radical surgical salvage for local recurrence can be established.
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PMID:Local excision for rectal cancer: an uncertain future. 964 89

Cancers seen and recorded between 1983 and 1995 in the Hospital Tumor Registry at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), one of the largest primary and tertiary care hospitals in Lebanon, were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. There was a total of 10,220 cases, excluding 916 skin cancers other than skin melanoma, averaging 786 cases per year. There were 5086 cancer cases in males with the five most common cancers being: lung cancer (915 cases: 17.9%) followed by bladder cancer (503 cases: 9.8%), larynx (438 cases: 8.6%), lymphoma (393 cases: 7.7%) and leukemia (336 cases: 6.6%). As for female cancer cases, a total of 5134 cases were observed with the five most common cancers being: breast cancer (1821 cases), followed by cervical cancer (535 cases), colo-rectal cancer (256 cases: 4.9%), lymphoma (232 cases: 4.5%), and brain cancer (213 cases: 4.1%). The average age for all cancer cases was 50.5 years with a standard deviation (SD) of 18.8 years. The average age of females (48.8 yrs; SD 17.4) was relatively lower than that of males (52.2 yrs; SD 19.9) and the difference was statistically significant. 40.6% of the patients were under the age of 50 years. 49% of breast cancer patients were below 50 years of age. In children less than 15 years of age, there were 555 cases, with leukemia being the commonest (185 cases: 33.3% of childhood cases) followed by brain cancer (112 cases: 20.1%), lymphoma (63 cases: 11.3%), bone cancer (41 cases: 7.3%), soft tissue sarcoma (35 cases: 6.3%) and kidney cancer (28 cases: 5.0%). Lung cancer in males and breast cancer in females are the most common cancers in Lebanon. These cancers are amenable to prevention (cigarette cessation and anti-smoking campaigns for lung cancer) and early detection (screening, regular breast examination and mammography for breast cancer). Our paper emphasizes the importance of addressing those and other issues including bladder cancer and age at diagnosis of breast cancer. It also presents important epidemiological and historical reference data on cancer in Lebanon during the civil war and immediately after it.
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PMID:Cancer in Lebanon: analysis of 10,220 cases from the American University of Beirut Medical Center. 979 15

This study describes a radiological finding - enhancement of cranial nerves and correlates patients' clinical findings and outcome. Seven patients with enhancement of cranial nerves on postcontrast MR were retrospectively reviewed. Cranial nerves having contrast enhancement were optic, oculomotor, trigeminal, facial, acoustic, glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves. The patients' underlying diseases were malignant lymphoma (3), leukemia (1 patient) and metastatic tumor (2 lung, 1 rectum cancer). Most of the cases (4 out of 7) developed parenchymatous lesion later. Seven patients had CSF cytology study, positive in 3 cases, negative in 4 cases at first spinal tap. In 1 case (case 5) of negative cytology, elevated CEA (carcinogen antibody) was noted. In 2 cases, initial symptoms were sudden hearing loss. Autopsy was done for 1 case of metastatic tumor involving cranial nerves. Contrast MR is a useful examination for depicting cranial nerve involvement with neoplastic change.
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PMID:Gd-DTPA enhancement of cranial nerves on MR imaging. Neoplastic lesions. 1058 1

The current standard of care for patients with stage T3 rectal cancer is adjuvant combined-modality treatment with radiation and fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy. Although data from randomized phase III trials comparing preoperative and postoperative combined-modality therapy are lacking, preoperative therapy is an option in T3 disease and can be considered the standard of care for T4 disease. Given its effects in reducing systemic disease in stage IV rectal cancer and its potential for radiosensitization of target tumors, oxaliplatin (Eloxatin), a new cytotoxic agent from the diaminocyclohexane platinum family, is being evaluated in preoperative combined-modality regimens in a Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) phase I/II study (protocol 89901) in T4 disease and an Eastern Cooperative Group (ECOG) phase I study (E-1297) in locally advanced T3 or T4 disease.
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PMID:Rectal cancer: integrating oxaliplatin into chemoradiation studies. 1120 62

This study describes the patterns of mortality of 35,000 male employees, with a minimum of 1 year's continuous service, who worked at 8 refineries in the UK in the period 1.1.50-31.10.75. The trace rate of those involved was 99.8%. Overall the ratio of observed to expected deaths was 0.84 (O = 4406, E = 5259.9, P < 0.00001). The numbers of deaths for many of the chronic degenerative diseases were lower than 'expected'. The number of observed deaths from all cancers was appreciably less than expected (O = 1147, E = 1286.4, O/E = 0.89, P = 0.00006). Lung cancer was particularly reduced (O = 416, E = 532.7, O/E = 0.78, P < 0.00001); there was no excess of leukaemia (in workers including some exposed to benzene). Other comparable studies have suggested an excess of gastrointestinal cancer. In the present study deaths from oesophageal, stomach, intestinal and rectal cancer were slightly raised for all workers (O = 346, E = 328.6, O/E = 1.05, P < 0.4); this was particularly noticeable for those joining before 1950 with long service and with increased latent interval. There were also excesses based on small numbers of deaths from nasal cancer (O = 7, E = 3.1, O/E = 2.24, P < 0.05), and melanoma (O = 14, E = 6.5, O/E = 2.16, P 0.01).
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PMID:The influence of occupation on health--some results from a study in the UK oil industry. 1121 63

Nitrate contamination of drinking water may increase cancer risk, because nitrate is endogenously reduced to nitrite and subsequent nitrosation reactions give rise to N-nitroso compounds; these compounds are highly carcinogenic and can act systemically. We analyzed cancer incidence in a cohort of 21,977 Iowa women who were 55-69 years of age at baseline in 1986 and had used the same water supply more than 10 years (87% > 20 years); 16,541 of these women were on a municipal supply, and the remainder used a private well. We assessed nitrate exposure from 1955 through 1988 using public databases for municipal water supplies in Iowa (quartile cutpoints: 0.36, 1.01, and 2.46 mg per liter nitrate-nitrogen). As no individual water consumption data were available, we assigned each woman an average level of exposure calculated on a community basis; no nitrate data were available for women using private wells. Cancer incidence (N = 3,150 cases) from 1986 through 1998 was determined by linkage to the Iowa Cancer Registry. For all cancers, there was no association with increasing nitrate in drinking water, nor were there clear and consistent associations for non-Hodgkin lymphoma; leukemia; melanoma; or cancers of the colon, breast, lung, pancreas, or kidney. There were positive associations for bladder cancer [relative risks (RRs) across nitrate quartiles = 1, 1.69, 1.10, and 2.83] and ovarian cancer (RR = 1, 1.52, 1.81, and 1.84), and inverse associations for uterine cancer (RR = 1, 0.86, 0.86, and 0.55) and rectal cancer (RR = 1, 0.72, 0.95, and 0.47) after adjustment for a variety of cancer risk/protective factors, agents that affect nitrosation (smoking, vitamin C, and vitamin E intake), dietary nitrate, and water source. Similar results were obtained when analyses were restricted to nitrate level in drinking water from 1955 through 1964. The positive association for bladder cancer is consistent with some previous data; the associations for ovarian, uterine, and rectal cancer were unexpected.
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PMID:Municipal drinking water nitrate level and cancer risk in older women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. 1133 13


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