Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023380 (lethargy)
 5,697 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In June-July 1983, staff from the Centre for Community Medicine at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, in New Delhi, India, interviewed 145 mothers of children younger than 5 years old living in Garhkhera and Atali in Haryana State, India, to determine the usage rate of oral rehydration salt (ORS) and to use the results to design an educational campaign to prevent diarrhea and diarrhea-related deaths. Atali residents received their water through pipes while those in Gahrkhera received their water from handpumps. Diarrheal incidence stood at 2.88 episodes/child/year. Just 24.1% defined diarrhea accurately (i.e., WHO's definition = 3 loose stools/day). 40% defined diarrhea to be more than 6 stools/day. Only 29.7% knew about sugar salt solution or commercial ORS and only 9.7% of them could correctly prepare it. 38% of mothers gave a child with diarrhea a liquid, mainly weak tea or curd. 81.4% continued to feed a child during a diarrheal episode, but the investigators could not determine whether the amount was lower than normal because of a decrease in appetite. Breast-feeding mothers continued to breast feed during diarrhea. 64% did not know the danger signs (e.g. duration of at least 3 days, at least 6 stools/day, blood in stools, and lethargy), indicating a need to seek medical care. The most frequently reported danger signs were duration of at least 3 days (17%) and at least 6 stools/day (14%). These findings showed limited knowledge about diarrhea and diarrhea management. The additional campaign should focus on the danger signs.
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PMID:Knowledge and practices regarding diarrhea in rural mothers of Haryana. 142 47

Diuretics can result in various undesired biochemical changes, such as impotence, skin rashes, nausea, dizziness and lethargy as well as subjective side effects. The side effects are mostly predictable, their effects depending on both the circulatory blood volume and on the transport of water and solute in the renal tubules. Two of the commonest side effects are mild hypovolaemia, when any diuretic is used, and mild hypokalaemia when the non-potassium-sparing diuretics, such as thiazides and frusemide are used. Its occurrence is dose dependent and can be corrected by potassium supplements, but potassium-retaining diuretics, which also correct the often associated fall in serum magnesium, are preferable. Many reports link hypokalaemia with cardiac arrhythmias, but some dispute this association in the absence of the concomitant use of digoxin. Hyponatraemia rarely occurs, but can be life threatening. Calcium excretion is markedly reduced, but unlike other electrolyte disturbances from diuretics, this may be valuable: some suggest diuretics have an anti-osteoporotic action. Diuretics increase glucose and insulin resistance and should be used sparingly in diabetics. They rarely cause a non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma. Urate is raised, but clinical gout is not common. Cholesterol elevation has been reported in some studies, but long-term studies indicate that lipid changes are minor. Other rare side effects are not predictable from their pharmacological actions and these include the occurrence of skin rashes, thrombocytopenia, pancreatitis and interstitial nephritis; and ototoxicity from frusemide.
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PMID:Adverse reactions to diuretics. 148 14

Nitrates are frequently found in vegetables and ground water. Nitrate levels in ground water have increased over the past two decades because of the heightened use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Following ingestion, nitrates are converted to nitrites by fecal organisms. Nitrites are absorbed and form methemoglobin, which interferes with the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin. Infants are particularly susceptible to nitrate poisoning because fetal hemoglobin is more readily oxidized to methemoglobin. In infants, the most common source of nitrate exposure is well water, which is mixed with infant formula. Affected infants may present with asymptomatic cyanosis, which can progress to dyspnea and lethargy or coma. Blood methemoglobin concentrations are elevated. Treatment consists of the administration of oxygen and intravenous and oral methylene blue.
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PMID:Methemoglobinemia: nitrate toxicity in rural America. 162 30

We investigated the effects of murine recombinant interleukin-1 (rIL-1, Du Pont) in vivo in the normal rat brain and here report both local and systemic effects of centrally administered rIL-1. Normal rats were given single or multiple atraumatic doses of either rIL-1 or and equal volume (5 microliters) of vehicle for control comparison. All dosages of intraparenchymal rIL-1 produced a uniform a hyperthermic response and concomitant lethargy. There was a related anorexia beyond fever duration. Histologic examination of intraparenchymal injection tracts revealed fibrillary whorls of oedema and a cellular infiltrate surrounding the rIL-1 tract, while similar changes were less prominent in control injection tracts. Repeated high doses of rIL-1 produced significantly higher concentrations of brain water as measured by the gravimetric technique. We conclude that rIL-1 is not only a potent chemoattractant, but is also an edigematic agent when administered in high doses.
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PMID:Effect of murine recombinant interleukin-1 on brain oedema in the rat. 208 14

The influenza B virus mouse model of Reye's syndrome was studied to learn more about the encephalopathy in Reye's syndrome. One to 3 days after intravenous influenza B/Lee virus, Balb/c mice became lethargic, seized and lapsed into a fatal coma. Wide-spread cerebral edema without inflammation developed 1-3 days after virus inoculation. Swollen astrocytic foot processes containing increased glial fibrillary acidic protein were located around capillaries. Viral particles were not seen by electron microscopy and complete viral replication did not occur. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated influenza B viral antigen within many endothelial cells but not within other brain cells. Qualitative (Evans blue dye) and quantitative (percent brain water and technetium -99 pertechnetate) studies of the blood-brain barrier demonstrated abnormalities. This model reproduced many clinical, virologic and pathologic features of the Reye's syndrome encephalopathy. In addition, a non-permissive viral infection of brain endothelial cells occurred which may be important in the pathogenesis of the mouse encephalopathy and may participate in the encephalopathy of Reye's syndrome.
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PMID:The influenza B virus mouse model of Reye's syndrome: clinical, virologic and morphologic studies of the encephalopathy. 216 26

Datelliptium acetate (NSC 311152) is a water soluble analogue of ellipticine. It is a solid tumor selective compound. In vitro, in a disk diffusion, soft agar colony formation assay (25 micrograms/disk), the compound demonstrated solid tumor selectivity (compared to leukemia L1210) against colon adenocarcinoma 38 and pancreas ductal carcinoma 03. Upon intravenous administration, NSC 311152 was effective in vivo against a variety of murine solid tumors. Responses at maximum tolerated doses were: colon #07/A (T/C = 33%); 0.60 log cell kill), #38 [T/C = 0%; 4.2 log cell kill), colon #51/A (T/C = 2%; 1.2 log cell kill), undifferentiated colon #26/A (T/C = 38%; 0.4 log kill), mammary #16/C (T/C = 10%; 1.7 log cell kill), and pancreatic ductal carcinoma #03 (T/C = 0%; 80% cures through day 38). It was ineffective against pancreas #02 (T/C = 45%), mammary 17/A (T/C = 53%), and 17/A/ADR (T/C = 52%). At efficacious doses acute neurotoxicity (i.e. stupor and lethargy) and weight loss were noted (with rapid recovery from both toxicities). There were no delayed toxicities. The agent was slightly necrotizing and produced pain on SC injections. In lieu of its preclinical efficacy and toxicity profiles, we recommend further clinical investigation of this agent.
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PMID:Activity of datelliptium acetate (NSC 311152; SR 95156A) against solid tumors of mice. 217 44

Toxicosis caused by Anabaena spiroides was diagnosed in 7 of 26 finishing hogs in a farrow-to-finish operation in Kentucky. Several sick pigs in the herd had the following clinical signs: vomiting, dull appearance, lethargy, anorexia, muscle tremors, frothing at the mouth, coughing, sneezing, dyspnea, and bloody diarrhea. Of the 7 dead pigs, 2 were necropsied. Tissue speciments and stomach contents were obtained for microscopic, microbiologic, and toxicologic evaluations. In addition, vomitus from sick pigs and pond water samples were collected for laboratory analysis. Direct microscopic examination of pond water, vomitus, and stomach contents revealed nearly pure A spiroides, a toxic blue-green algae. The possible involvement of bacterial toxins in these pigs was not established; however, the laboratory and field data suggested that the clinical signs and death losses were attributable to the consumption of pond water mixed with the bloom of the alga, A spiroides.
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PMID:Blue-green algae (Anabaena spiroides) toxicosis in pigs. 250 12

Parenteral treatment with interleukin-2 (IL-2) is effective against certain advanced cancers outside the central nervous system. Prior to commencement of Phase II trials in patients with brain tumors, the neurological and neuroradiological features of 10 patients treated with intravenous administration of repeated doses of IL-2 were studied. Three patients had malignant gliomas, and seven patients had extracranial cancer without evidence of intracranial metastasis. All were treated with intravenous doses of 10(5) U/kg three times daily for up to 5 days. The patients with gliomas received cranial computerized axial tomography (CT) scans before IL-2 therapy was initiated and during the later stages of treatment. The patients with extracranial cancer underwent T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging before and later during therapy. After two to 11 doses of IL-2, the patients with gliomas had marked neurological deterioration that was associated with a mild to marked increase in peritumoral edema and mass effect visible on CT scans. With cessation of treatment and appropriate supportive care, all returned to their pretreatment state. The patients with extracranial cancer were either neurologically unchanged or underwent minor transient changes in mental status (lethargy and confusion). In these patients, the MR signal intensity was quantified and compared in eight anatomic regions of interest. In six of the seven patients, there were increases in gray and white matter signal intensity consistent with increased cerebral water content. The percentage changes (means +/- standard error of the means) were 12.6% +/- 7.3% in the gray matter and 17.0% +/- 6.2% in the white matter. This study demonstrates that treatment with a high parenteral dose of IL-2 is not tolerated by patients with gliomas due to increased cerebral edema. In patients with extracranial cancer but no brain disease, parenteral IL-2 induces an increase in the cerebral water content of both gray and white matter.
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PMID:The effect of intravenous interleukin-2 on brain water content. 278 95

The effect of o,p'DDD therapy on the endogenous plasma ACTH concentration was evaluated in 15 dogs with hypophysis-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Adequate control of hyperadrenocorticism with o,p'DDD was based on the reduction of water consumption to within the normal range, disappearance of clinical signs of lethargy, weakness, alopecia, thin skin, or pendulous abdomen, and an increase in blood cortisol below the normal range after exogenous ACTH administration. Endogenous ACTH concentrations were determined for each dog after the disease was controlled and while they were given o,p'DDD on a maintenance schedule. Endogenous ACTH concentrations increased in 14 of 15 dogs after o,p'DDD therapy, indicating a lack of suppressive effects of o,p'DDD on hypophysis ACTH secreting cells.
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PMID:Effect of o,p'DDD therapy on endogenous ACTH concentrations in dogs with hypophysis-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. 299 29

The acute toxicity of a water extract from unialgal-cultured blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa M228 on mice and rats was studied. The mice intraperitoneally injected with the extract became lethargic and piloerection was seen. Terminally their ears, tails, limbs, and eyes became chalky white. The LD50 value of the extract for mice was estimated at 14.4 mg dry wt of cells/kg and that of rats was 67.4 mg/kg. Tachycardia was shown in the mice injected with the extract. A value of LD50 of coadministration of the extract and phenoxybenzamine in mice was significantly larger than that of the extract alone and survival time of mice injected with the extract and phenoxybenzamine was prolonged. These results suggest that the extract of the alga may take the acute toxic effects via the sympathetic nervous system.
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PMID:Acute toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa and its cardiovascular effects. 308 73


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