Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0023380 (lethargy)
 5,697 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Body fluid gas pressure and electrolytes of patients with ruptured aneurysm were continuously analyzed. Intracranial pressure (ICP) was regulated at the level of 120-100 mm H2O by cerebral ventricular drainage. There was no significant change in the pH, PCO2, HCO3-, Na+, K+, Ca++ in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with slight or moderate disturbance of consciousness (lethargic-drowsy state). The PcsfO2 of the patients with marked disturbances of consciousness (semicoma-coma) was significantly low. PcsfO2 of the patients with cerebral vasospasm was significantly lower than for those without vasospasms. PcsfO2/PaO2 was 0.27 +/- 0.01 in the patients with vasospasm and 0.50 +/- 0.01 in those with vasospasm. PcsfO2 tended to decrease in patients with markedly bloody CSF. When the bloody CSF was cleared by ventricular drainage, PcsfO2 increased. PcsfO2 did not return to a normal value in the patients with marked disturbances of consciousness despite sufficient arterial oxygen tension. This suggests that PcsfO2 and PcsfO2/PaO2 should provide a convenient index for the prognosis of patients with ruptured aneurysm.
 ...
PMID:Body fluid oxygen tension and prognosis in patients with ruptured aneurysm. 4 45

Data reflecting affect, mood, and personality attributes of 23 normal men were compared after two weeks of placebo administration and two weeks of therapeutic serum lithium levels (mean, 0.91 mEq/liter). The study was a placebo-controlled, split-half crossover, double-blind design. Affect and mood were measured by three self-rating instruments, independent rater observation, and by the subjects' "significant others." Two personality inventories were administered. Substantial affect and mood changes are induced by lithium carbonate. Lethargy, dysphoria, a loss of interest in interacting with others and the environment, and a state of increased mental confusion were reported. No generalized effects were found in the responses to ther personality inventories.
 ...
PMID:The effect of lithium carbonate on affect, mood, and personality of normal subjects. 32 Sep 56

A case of a 76-year-old man with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is discussed. The patient was initially treated with fluid restriction followed by the administration of hypertonic saline. After failure to achieve rapid correction of the condition and continued lethargy and muscle weakness in the patient, a trial with lithium carbonate 300 mg three times daily via nasogastric tube was initiated. This resulted in a prompt reversal of the hyperosmolar state and improvement in electrolyte balance. However, despite the apparent success in treating his inappropriate ADH, the patient expired as a result of a massive cerebral vascular accident. The potential benefit of using lithium in the treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH, and possible mechanisms of action, are reviewed.
 ...
PMID:Lithium carbonate treatment in the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. 92 Jul 46

Propionic acidemia is a rare hereditary disease which is an autosomal recessive disorder. Defect of propionyl CoA carboxylase results in abnormal accumulation of propionate and its metabolites which interfere the pathway of glycine cleavage and the urea cycle. This organic acidemia is characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical and biochemical findings, including recurrent vomiting, difficult feeding, lethargy, hypotonia, metabolic ketoacidosis, hyperglycinemia and hyperammonemia during the acute episodes. We present a male newborn infant who sustained this disorder and was managed successfully with blood exchange transfusion, peritoneal dialysis, supplemented with sodium benzoate and sodium bicarbonate therapy. Urine gas chromatography disclosed significant elevation of propionate and its metabolites which subsided 2 days after peritoneal dialysis. Special designed formula was then given with restriction of protein intake and supplement with sodium benzoate and sodium carbonate. Prenatal genetic counseling is necessary in further pregnancy. Diagnosis can be obtained when propionyl CoA carboxylase activity is low in cultured amniotic fluid cells or chorion villi sample or when there is abnormally high methylcitrate level in amniotic fluid.
 ...
PMID:[Propionic acidemia: report of a case that is successfully managed by peritoneal dialysis and sodium benzoate therapy]. 217 70

Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists exhibit antidiarrheal activity in animal models and in humans. However, hypotensive and sedative side effects seriously limit the use of these agents to treat diarrhea. SK&F 35886 (2,6-dimethyl phenylamino imidazoline) is an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist with little central nervous system activity. In Ussing chamber preparations of rabbit ileum, SK&F 35886 produces a concentration-dependent decrease in basal short-circuit current (Isc) (EC50 0.2 microM) that is dependent on the presence of mucosal HCO3. This concentration-response curve is shifted to the right of rauwolscine, increasing the EC50 to 30 microM. Prazosin had no effect on this response. Flux studies indicate that SK&F 35886 increases net Cl absorption and enhances HCO3 absorption without altering net Na flux. After PGE2 stimulation of Isc, SK&F 35886, applied either serosally or mucosally, immediately returns the Isc to base line. This effect is due to a reversal of the PGE2-induced inhibition of Na and Cl absorption. In vivo SK&F 35886 dose-dependently inhibits PGE2-induced enteropooling when given orally (ED50 approximately 31 micrograms/kg). This effect is attenuated significantly by rauwolscine (1.0 micrograms/kg s.c.). In cecectomized rats, SK&F 35886 abolishes PGE2-induced diarrhea within 1 hr after oral administration of the drug. SK&F 35886 (500 micrograms/kg p.o.) did not alter hexobarbital sleep time or elicit piloerection or lethargy, whereas clonidine (37.3 micrograms/kg p.o.) significantly enhanced hexobarbital sleep time. These results illustrate the ability of a peripheral acting alpha-2 agonist to promote absorption and inhibit secretion and diarrhea in the mammalian intestine.
 ...
PMID:Antidiarrheal activity of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist SK&F 35886. 256 89

Toxic irreversible encephalopathic syndromes developed in 2 patients treated with lithium carbonate and haloperidol. Symptoms consisted of lethargy, fever, tremulousness, confusion, and extrapyramidal and cerebellar dysfunction, accompanied by leucocytosis and elevated serum enzyme, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and fasting blood glucose levels. One patient suffered widespread irreversible brain damage; the other was left with persistent dyskinesias. Although causal factors have not been identified, this report and others in the literature suggest that diffuse irreversible encephalopathy may occasionally develop in individuals with abnormal brain sensitivity to the lithium carbonate/haloperidol combination. Evidence for this is based on the fact that in our patients and others mentioned in the literature the dosage and blood levels of lithium were not high.
 ...
PMID:Toxic irreversible encephalopathy induced by lithium carbonate and haloperidol. A report of 2 cases. 641 23

The desert ground squirrel Spermophilus tereticaudus is shown to show both reptilian style alphastat regulation and the pH-stat regulation typical of mammalian hibernation, depending upon the range of body temperature and the state of vigilance. Temperature corrected arterial pH and PCO2 of torpid squirrels (Tb 11-28 degrees C) were independent of Tb and about equal to euthermic values at 37 degrees C. Torpid squirrels show a progressive respiratory acidosis as Tb is lowered. In awake heterothermic squirrels (Tb 30-42.5 degrees C), blood acid-base status is like that of many ectothermic vertebrates: from 30 to 40 degrees C delta pHa/delta Tb was -0.0121, delta PaCO2/delta Tb was 1.057 and [HCO3-] remained about constant. Arterial blood from awake heterothermic squirrels measured at standard temperature (37 degrees C) showed no significant change with Tb, similar to blood undergoing anaerobic temperature changes in vitro. In vitro, the delta pH/delta T of blood of constant CCO2 was -0.014. Constant blood pH with change in Tb is thus not a general feature of mammalian acid-base regulation but appears in this species to be a feature of the respiratory and metabolic poise of torpor.
 ...
PMID:Blood acid-base status of an awake heterothermic rodent, Spermophilus tereticaudus. 644 Dec 12

Lithium carbonate is a widely used pharmacologic agent for acute bipolar disorder, long term prophylaxis of mania in a bipolar patient, and prevention of "manic overshoot" with an antidepressant in acute depression in a bipolar patient. Although clinical neurological associations with lithium overdose have been-established, there has been a dearth of reports of pathologic changes related to lithium toxicity. We report a case of a 52-year-old Black female with bipolar disorder who had been treated with lithium for over 5 years and who expired 24 days after presenting in a stuporous state with an elevated lithium level of 3.2 mEq/l. Postmortem neuropathologic examination revealed severe cerebellar atrophy of the internal granule and Purkinje cell layers with attendant Bergmann gliosis presumably resulting from chronic lithium use and toxicity. There was also Alzheimer type II cell change in the thalamus and lentiform nuclei possibly due to terminal uremia. In summary, this is a unique case which appears to illustrate cerebellar atrophic changes related to lithium therapy and acute lithium intoxication.
 ...
PMID:Pathologic assessment of cerebellar atrophy following acute lithium intoxication. 902 Mar 92

Lithium carbonate is used for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Because of its widespread use, many women of childbearing age are taking lithium carbonate, which belongs to the US FDA Category D. Administration during pregnancy can result in fetal toxicity. A 17-y-old female with pre-eclampsia and a history of manic depression gave birth to an infant at 37-w gestational age. Several hours prior to delivery, the mother had a lithium level of 2.6 mEq/L. The infant's initial lithium level after birth was 2.1 mEq/L. A subsequent lithium level on the 3rd d of the child's life was 1.4 mEq/L; the half-life in the infant was > 24 h. During the first 4 d of life, the infant was lethargic and exhibited poor suck-swallow coordination that required supplemental enteral feeding. By the 7th d of life, the infant was alert and tolerating all oral feedings. Lithium carbonate readily crosses the placental barrier and can produce teratogenic effects and toxicity. Neonates exposed in utero should be carefully monitored for symptoms of toxicity. In this case only minor toxic effects occurred.
 ...
PMID:Neonatal lithium toxicity as a result of maternal toxicity. 908 Jun 35

Three artemisinin antimalarials, arteether (AE), artesunate (AS), and artelinate (AL) were evaluated in rats using an auditory discrimination task (ADT) and neurohistology. After rats were trained on the ADT, equimolar doses of AE (25 mg/kg, in sesame oil, n=6), AS (31 mg/kg, in sodium carbonate, n=6), and AL (36 mg/kg, in saline, n=6), or vehicle (sodium carbonate, n=6) were administered (IM) for 7 consecutive days. Behavioral performance was evaluated, during daily sessions, before, during, and after administration. Histological evaluation of the brains was performed using thionine staining, and damaged cells were counted in specific brainstem nuclei of all rats. Behavioral performance was not significantly affected in any rats treated with AS, AL, or vehicle. Furthermore, histological examination of the brains of rats treated with AS, AL, and vehicle did not show damage. In stark contrast, all rats treated with AE showed a progressive and severe decline in performance on the ADT. The deficit was characterized by decreases in accuracy, increases in response time and, eventually, response suppression. When performance on the ADT was suppressed, rats also showed gross behavioral signs of toxicity that included tremor, gait disturbances, and lethargy. Subsequent histological assessment of AE-treated rats revealed marked damage in the brainstem nuclei, ruber, superior olive, trapezoideus, and inferior vestibular. The damage included chromatolysis, necrosis, and gliosis. These results demonstrate distinct differences in the ability of artemisinins to produce neurotoxicity. Further research is needed to uncover pharmacokinetic and metabolic differences in artemisinins that may predict neurotoxic potential.
 ...
PMID:Behavioral and neural toxicity of the artemisinin antimalarial, arteether, but not artesunate and artelinate, in rats. 1111 82


1 2 Next >>