Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023380 (lethargy)
 5,697 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on serum concentrations of thyroid hormones were studied in 36 mixed-bred dogs. Dogs were randomly assigned to 7 groups. Significant increases (P less than 0.05) of serum thyroxine (T4) values occurred as early as 2 hours and reached a peak at 6 to 8 hours after IV injection of 300 to 1,100 micrograms of TRH. Thyroxine concentrations in response to a TRH dose greater than 500 micrograms were similar to those observed with the 300-micrograms dose. Transient coughing, vomiting, salivation, and defecation after large doses (900 and 1,100 micrograms) were observed. Mean serum T4 concentration decreased from 2.1 micrograms/dl to 0.9 micrograms/dl within 1 day of thyroidectomy. Clinical signs of hypothyroidism, including lethargy, dry coats, and diffuse alopecia, were present in 2 dogs at a month after surgical operation. Thyroxine concentrations were detectable for greater than 2 months. Injection (IV) of 700 micrograms of TRH 6 weeks after surgical operation had no effect on serum concentration of T4 in thyroidectomized dogs. In 5 T4-treated dogs, TRH (700 micrograms, IV) significantly increased the serum T4 value, indicating that pituitary thyrotropes were responsive to TRH, in spite of daily medication of 0.8 mg of T4. Four dogs were treated orally with 200 mg of propylthiouracil/day for 5 weeks. Intravenous injection of 700 micrograms of TRH in propylthiouracil-treated dogs had no effect on the serum T4 concentration, indicating that TRH had no effect on serum T4 values in these dogs during the experimental period. These results indicate that TRH can replace bovine thyrotropin for the canine thyroid function test.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on serum concentrations of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in healthy, thyroidectomized, thyroxine-treated, and propylthiouracil-treated dogs. 308 Sep 28

To determine the clinical significance of thyroid function abnormalities in patients maintained on lithium, the authors evaluated the relationships of thyroid function tests to clinical response to lithium and side effects from lithium in 20 outpatients meeting DSM-III criteria for major affective disorder. No significant relationships were found between baseline thyroid function tests and clinical response. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine uptake ratio (T3UR) within the normal range were found to be associated with complaints of lethargy and cognitive impairment. Thirteen subjects were followed prospectively for 6 months with monthly evaluations of affective state, side effects, and occurrence of relapse. Thyroid function tests were repeated at the final visit. Final and mean T3 levels within the normal range were found to be significantly lower in patients who relapsed, and mean T3 level was inversely correlated with affective state as measured by mean scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Young Mania Rating Scale.
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PMID:Thyroid function in patients maintained on lithium. 314 59

Three Quarter-horse mares were thyroidectomized at about 1.5 years of age. Three similar intact mares served as controls. The study continued through two breeding seasons. The thyroidectomized mares were lethargic, rear limbs were oedematous and hair coats were coarse. They displayed a tranquil oestrous behaviour when exposed to a stallion and were only mildly antagonistic when not in oestrus. Length of oestrous cycles varied but most often they were 19-24 days long. Duration of oestrus (mean +/- s.e.m.) for the control and thyroidectomized mares was 12.9 +/- 2.9 and 11.7 +/- 2.2 days respectively (P greater than 0.05). The peak of LH during oestrus was as high as 60 ng/ml blood serum with no difference between the two groups. Peak progestagen on Day 7 after ovulation for controls was 9.0 +/- 1.6 ng/ml and was not different (P greater than 0.05) from the peak of 6.3 +/- 1.7 ng/ml for thyroidectomized mares on Day 8. Pregnancy was achieved in both groups of mares, including the use of semen from a thyroidectomized stallion. Thyroxine was detectable in one pregnant thyroidectomized mare during the last two-thirds of pregnancy only.
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PMID:Reproductive patterns in cyclic and pregnant thyroidectomized mares. 347 83

Primary hypothyroidism is commonly associated with lethargy, alopecia, hyperpigmentation, alterations in skin and hair coat, anestrus and bradycardia. However, there is also a neurological manifestation of hypothyroidism with neuromuscular signs. Four dogs with generalized polyneuropathy are described. Two dogs had peripheral vestibular signs, two other lower motor neuron disease with megaesophagus. Diagnosis was based on neurological examination, TSH-stimulation test and electrodiagnostic findings including electromyography, motor nerve conduction velocity and brainstem evoked potentials. On histological examination lymphocytic thyroiditis was diagnosed in two cases. Three dogs recovered after supplementation with Eltroxine (Levothyroxine) and one dog was euthanatized because of megaesophagus and concomitant aspiration pneumonia.
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PMID:[Neurologic symptoms in relation to hypothyroidism in the dog: review of the literature and case reports]. 809 Nov 79

L-Thyroxine (T4) is commonly prescribed medication for hypothyroidism in humans and animals. Overdose has generally resulted in limited symptomatology managed with sedatives and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists. We describe the largest acute T4 ingestion ever reported, which resulted in a profound thyrotoxicosis, resistant to treatment. A 34-y-old man ingested 900 (0.8 mg) tablets of veterinary T4 (720 mg) and was given 60 g of activated charcoal. He became lethargic on post-ingestion days 2 and 3; had vomiting, diaphoresis and insomnia on day 4; on day 5 he "looked like he had too much coffee", began "using a lot of words" and became agitated, assaultive and stopped speaking intelligibly; and on day 6 returned to the hospital combative and confused. He was diaphoretic, mydriatic, hyperreflexic, tremulous, with clear lungs and active bowel sounds, and received activated charcoal, haloperidol, diazepam, and phenobarbital, and was tracheally intubated. During hospitalization he was rehydrated, treated with propranolol and diazepam, but remained continuously tachycardic. On day 12 he became afebrile and his tachycardia resolved. Free T4 levels ranged from > 13 mcg/dL on day 6 to 1.2 mcg/dL on day 12. By discharge (day 15) he had lost 20 kilograms of body weight, but was clinically euthyroid 2 w later. This case suggests that large intentional T4 ingestions should be managed differently than current T4 overdose protocol.
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PMID:Severe symptoms following a massive intentional L-thyroxine ingestion. 1050 39

Hypothyroidism affects 4% to 10% of women, increasing with age. Symptoms, which are often nonspecific and subtle, can include: lethargy, mild weight gain, edema, cold intolerance, constipation, mental impairment, dry skin, depression, irregular menses, hoarseness, myalgias, hyperlipidemia, and bradycardia. TSH determination is usually warranted when some of these are present. Confirmation of diagnosis is based on laboratory tests, not symptoms. With Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the most common cause, the thyroid is usually firm and irregular to palpation. Screening is recommended by the American Thyroid Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and ACOG. Studies indicate that even slight hypothyroidism is associated with increased miscarriage, late fetal demise and lower IQ of offspring. Many believe all women intending conception or pregnancy should be screened. Most patients with even slightly elevated TSH should be treated, though controversy remains. Hypothyroidism is usually permanent, and treatment is life-long; postpartum thyroiditis may be transient. Levothyroxine is the standard treatment. Because of variable bioavailability of some levothyroxine preparations, designation of a specific high-quality brand is appropriate; TSH should be monitored to titrate the dose. The third-generation super-sensitive TSH is the most accurate test for both hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Because estrogen increases levels of thyroid binding globulin, women who are on HRT or OCs, or are pregnant, usually have total T4 levels above the reference range.
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PMID:Hypothyroidism and women's health. 1208 Dec 57

Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid disorder, affects women more frequently, and incidence increases with age. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in developed countries is around 4-5%, whereas, in India, it is about 11%. The common symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults are weight gain, fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance, constipation, change in voice, and dry skin. It can affect all systems of the body. Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical history and laboratory investigations. Untreated hypothyroidism increases morbidity and mortality. In conventional medicine, the treatment of choice is Levothyroxine, whereas in Unani System of Medicine, pharmacotherapy consists of single and compound drugs. Single drugs are selected as per the constitution (Mizaj) of drugs as opposed to the abnormal constitution (Su-e-Mizaj) of disease and its pathology. Some drugs increase the basal metabolic rate whereas some evacuate the morbid material from the body by the action of purgation. The drugs are used either in a single form or as a prescription of more than one drug in the form of decoction (Joshandah), infusion (Kheshandah), or powder (Safoof). This review aims at providing comprehensive information regarding various drugs used in Unani system of medicine that is used in the management of thyroid dysfunction.
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PMID:Herbal preparations in the management of hypothyroidism in Unani medicine. 3269 99

Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid disorder, affects women more frequently, and incidence increases with age. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in developed countries is around 4-5%, whereas, in India, it is about 11%. The common symptoms of hypothyroidism in adults are weight gain, fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance, constipation, change in voice, and dry skin. It can affect all systems of the body. Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical history and laboratory investigations. Untreated hypothyroidism increases morbidity and mortality. In conventional medicine, the treatment of choice is Levothyroxine, whereas in Unani System of Medicine, pharmacotherapy consists of single and compound drugs. Single drugs are selected as per the constitution (Mizaj) of drugs as opposed to the abnormal constitution (Su-e-Mizaj) of disease and its pathology. Some drugs increase the basal metabolic rate whereas some evacuate the morbid material from the body by the action of purgation. The drugs are used either in a single form or as a prescription of more than one drug in the form of decoction (Joshandah), infusion (Kheshandah), or powder (Safoof). This review aims at providing comprehensive information regarding various drugs used in Unani system of medicine that is used in the management of thyroid dysfunction.
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PMID:Herbal preparations in the management of hypothyroidism in Unani medicine. 3297 1