Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023380 (lethargy)
 5,697 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this survey for the presence of the feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) in the Singapore domestic cat population, the sera of two different groups of unvaccinated mainly short haired cats which were over 6 months old were sampled. The FeLV enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) diagnostic test kit was used to detect the presence of the FeLV group specific (gs) antigens in the blood of cats. Of the 345 clinically healthy cats surveyed, 34 sera (9.9%) were found to be positive and of the group of 123 cats with clinical signs such as chronic wasting, marked by anaemia, anorexia and lethargy, 33 sera (26.8%) were found to be positive. From the time of diagnosis of a viraemia, 70% of cats will die within 20 months. The results are therefore indicative that annually a small proportion of cats in the local environment will die from a FeLV infection. This survey reflects the natural distribution of an infectious oncovirus in a susceptible host population which is unaffected by any control programme to interfere with the normal sequence of events of host virus interactions.
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PMID:A survey of the feline leukaemia virus in Singapore. 256 Mar 57

An acutely lethal LCMV disease model has been established in the Syrian golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) in which lethality and disease are dependent upon both the inbred hamster strain and the LCMV strain. Young adult inbred, male and female, hamsters were tested for lethal-disease susceptibility by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) strains, WE or Armstrong (ARM). With WE inocula, PD4 and MHA inbred hamsters were highly susceptible to a wasting disease. LVG and LHC inbred hamsters were intermediate in susceptibility; some of these animals died of wasting illness, and others exhibited minimal disease and survived. CB and LSH hamsters were highly resistant to any disease by WE. Mean survival times of susceptible hamsters given lethal WE inocula approximated 2.5 weeks and were not dependent on virus dose. By 1.5 weeks after WE inoculation wasting disease signs were notable and consisted of lethargy, progressive body weight loss, and diarrhea. The LCMV strain, ARM, was avirulent for all hamster strains, causing neither death nor disease. Hamsters surviving WE or ARM inoculation appeared healthy, produced LCMV antibody, and acquired resistance to further lethal WE challenge. Despite hamster-lethality differences. WE and ARM appeared comparably immunogenic for all hamster strains, based on host antibody titers. A number of other differences between the LCMV strains were, however, noted which could be relevant to virus virulence and lethality for hamster hosts. These included guinea pig lethality, temperature sensitivity, and plaque morphology.
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PMID:Susceptibility of inbred Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) to lethal disease by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. 360 46

Congenital adrenocortical unresponsiveness to ACTH is characterized by hyperpigmentation, muscular weakness, and episodes of hypoglycemia, with lethargy or coma and convulsion, and without signs or symptoms of salt wasting. Endocrinological evaluation reveals low levels of serum and urinary glucocorticoids, elevated levels of plasma ACTH and unresponsiveness to exogenous ACTH. On the other hand, aldosterone secretion or excretion is normal and is elevated during a low sodium diet. We reported on two patients with this syndrome. Case A, a 4 year-old-girl, showed skin hyperpigmentation, hypoglycemia, convulsion and coma. She was tall wlth a marked advance of bone age. Case B, a 4 year-old-boy, showed skin hyperpigmentation, fatigability and muscular weakness. Both of them revealed low urinary excretion of THE, THF, cortolone, and beta-cortolone and low levels of plasma cortisol. The levels of urinary glucocorticoids and plasma cortisol did not respond to ACTH administration. During a low sodium diet, urinary aldosterone excretion was elevated, urinary sodium excretion ws decreased, and the patients were able to conserve sodium normally. We also summerized other reported cases and discussed the etiology of this syndrome.
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PMID:[2 cases of congenital adrenocortical unresponsiveness to ACTH (author's transl)]. 625 Sep 21

The intracerebral inoculation of hamster neurotropic measles virus produces a fatal acute encephalopathy in the majority of weanling BALB/c mice. The few survivors remain healthy indefinitely. In contrast, weanling SJL/J mice are relatively resistant to acute encephalopathy, and about one-third of the survivors predictably develop a chronic encephalitis many weeks after inoculation. This later illness is characterized clinically by wasting, lethargy, seizures, or focal paralysis, usually culminating in death. Pathologically, a considerable brain inflammatory response occurs in association with abundant measles viral antigen. Viral antigen and inflammation were demonstrable predominantly in the limbic system but was also present in the cerebellum and brain stem. Antibody to measles virus was readily demonstrated in all animals with chronic encephalitis. This report constitutes the first description of chronic measles encephalitis in an inbred host.
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PMID:Chronic measles encephalitis in mice. 744 Oct 20

Nutritional support of patients with HIV or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has many similarities to other disease states in that the same nutritional products and techniques are used. Some patients with HIV, and many with AIDS without secondary infection, experience a metabolic milieu similar to patients with cancer cachexia. In providing dietary counselling to the HIV patient, we encounter many of the obstacles that must be overcome to improve nutrition in cancer: anorexia, gastrointestinal discomfort, lethargy, and poor nutrient utilization, which limit the ability for nutritional repletion. When a secondary infection is superimposed on HIV, patients resemble more highly catabolic trauma patients or patients in the intensive care unit (ICU), where, despite aggressive efforts to feed, there is usually a net nitrogen wasting leading to the more rapid development of cachexia. However, even in this setting, feeding will limit substantially net catabolism when compared to total starvation. Because the nutritional needs of HIV patients vary greatly, individual strategies have to be designed as the patient moves through the stages of disease. Patients are generally able to consume adequate nutrition either as regular food or dietary supplements during the latency period of viral replication. Once secondary infections become prevalent, artificial diets administered by tube or by vein may be required during the period of active secondary infections, with dietary supplements often helpful during more quiescent periods. Patients with HIV are among the most challenging for clinicians providing nutritional support. Knowledge from treatment of patients with other diseases may be useful, but more data must be gathered on the unique aspects of aetiology and treatment of the anorexia, malabsorption, and ultimate wasting associated with AIDS.
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PMID:Nutrition support and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 811 86

Equine and canine Cushing's syndrome, both of which are the result of elevated cortisol levels, show some different pathogenetical and clinical features and require different therapeutical approaches. In older horses the equine Cushing's syndrome (ECS) is not uncommon. Nearly all cases result from excessive hormone production in cells of the pars intermedia of the pituitary. Besides elevated levels of adrenocorticotrope hormone (ACTH), high peripheral levels of pro-opiomelanocortin, beta-endorphines and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone can be measured. In middle-aged and geriatric dogs, Cushing's syndrome is the most frequently diagnosed endocrinologic abnormality. 80-85% of cases are pituitary-dependent and 15-20% are caused by cortisol producing tumors of the adrenals. 90% of pituitary lesions can be identified as adenomas, which are localised in most cases in the pars distalis of the gland, but may occur rarely in the pars intermedia, too. Clinical symptoms in both species are characterised by wasting despite good appetite or polyphagia, reduction of muscle mass with altered fat deposition and lethargy. Whereas polydipsia/polyuria is a very common feature in dogs with Cushing's syndrome, in horses it is almost invariably a sign of concurrent secondary diabetes mellitus. A typical symptom in ECS is a continuously growing haircoat (hirsutism), whereas in canine Cushing's syndrome generalised alopecia may bring the owner to consult a veterinarian. The symptoms and diagnostic procedures in a 33-year-old mare are described. Useful diagnostic tests are reviewed with special attention to species differences in reacting to them. The therapeutic approach with dopamine-agonists such as bromocriptine and pergolide as well as cyproheptadine to ECS is reviewed.
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PMID:[Equine Cushing syndrome (ECS). Case report, review of its diagnosis and therapy and substantial differences from Cushing syndrome in dogs]. 962 47

Rathke's cleft cysts are sometimes associated with aseptic meningitis or metabolic encephalopathy due to hyponatremia. We treated such a case manifest by lethargy, fever and electroencephalographic abnormalities. A 68-year-old man was admitted to our ward after experiencing general malaise, nausea and vomiting and then high fever and lethargy. On admission, he was drowsy and had nuchal rigidity and Kernig's sign. Physically, he was pale with dry, thickened skin. He had lost 5.0 kg of body weight in the last month. His serum sodium was 115 mEq/l. He had a low serum osmotic pressure (235 mOsmol/l) and a high urine osmotic pressure (520 mOsmol/l). His urine volume was 1200-1900 ml/24 h with a specific gravity of 1008-1015. The urine sodium was 210 mEq/l. He did not have an elevated level of antidiuretic hormone. Electroencephalograms showed periodic delta waves over a background of theta waves. With sodium replacement, the patient become alert and symptom free, and his electroencephalographic findings normalized. However, the serum sodium level did not stabilize, sometimes falling with a recurrence of symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging clearly delineated a dumbbell-shaped intrasellar and suprasellar cyst. The suprasellar component subsequently shrunk spontaneously and finally disappeared. An endocrinologic evaluation showed panhypopituitarism. The patient was given glucocorticoid and thyroxine replacement therapy, which stabilized his serum sodium level and permanently relieved his symptoms. A transsphenoidal approach was performed. A greenish cyst was punctured, and a yellow fluid was aspirated. The cyst proved to be simple or cubic stratified epithelium, and a diagnosis of Rathke's cleft cyst was made. The patient was discharged in good condition with a continuation of hormonal therapy. Rathke's cleft cyst can cause aseptic meningitis if the cyst ruptures and its contents spill into the subarachnoid space. Metabolic encephalopathy induced by hyponatremia due to salt wasting also can occur if the lesion injures the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
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PMID:Hyponatremia-induced metabolic encephalopathy caused by Rathke's cleft cyst: a case report. 1046 7

A 22-year-old man developed unconsciousness, severe quadriplegia and muscle atrophy, and had markedly elevated serum creatine kinase levels after using the high-dose steroid and nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents during the course of sepsis and DIC. On neurological examination, he was lethargic. The patient had generalized muscle weakness and wasting, and diminished deep tendon reflexes. He weakly responsed to painful stimuli on the legs. The motor nerve conduction study demonstrated decreased CMAP (compound muscle action potential) amplitudes. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities and their distal latencies were normal. Muscle biopsy revealed marked muscle fiber atrophy predominantly in type 2 fibers and numerous basophilic and a few necrotic fibers. Some atrophic fibers had decreased to absent myosin adenosine triphosphatase activity in their center. Accordingly, he was diagnosed as having acute quadriplegic myopathy (AQM), which has been reported mainly in Western countries. The mechanism of muscle fiber degradation in this myopathy is still unknown. On immunohistochemical analysis to our patient, enzyme activities of various proteases such as calpain, cathepsin B, and proteasomes were increased in the sarcoplasm, especially in the atrophic fibers. We suggest that lysosomal cathepsin, nonlysosomal calpain, and ATP-ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathways participate in muscle fiber degradation in AQM.
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PMID:[A case of acute quadriplegic myopathy]. 1108 98

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachectin), a cytokine secreted by macrophages and T-cells, mediates inflammatory and immune responses, and is associated with wasting in persons with malignancies or AIDS. In inflammation, TNF attracts and activates neutrophils, stimulating phagocytic function of neutrophils and macrophages. TNF also increases hepatic cell resistance to damaging parasitic effects; enhances endothelial permeability, causing edema; aids in wound healing by stimulating tissue and vascular growth; enhances lymphocytic activity through cytokine activation; acts with interleukin (IL) to produce fever, anorexia, lethargy and sleep; and possesses antitumor activity, particularly against the presumed origin of Kaposi's sarcoma, capillary endothelial cells. The host has an acute phase response (APR) following TNF- and IL-induced immunologic activation. TNF and IL decrease production and activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), resulting in reduced uptake and improper storage of fat; and they stimulate anabolism of fatty acids, causing hypertriglyceridemia. This "futile cycling" causes shuttling of fatty acids between adipose tissue and the liver, and use of muscle protein as the main fuel source. This, along with further muscular breakdown due to the increased caloric demands of fever, may affect cachexia. TNF benefits the HIV-infected through selective killing of HIV-infected cells, although effects may be dose and time dependent. The negative effects of TNF may be impeded by anti-cytokine therapy. Possible therapies include dietary N-3 fatty acid (fish oil), an inhibitor of TNF and IL production in vitro; pentoxifylline (Trental), another TNF production inhibitor; anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies; and soluble TNF receptors.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor: its role in HIV/AIDS. 1136 96

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in swine is causally associated with the newly recognised pathogen, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). In this study, 3-week-old SPF PCV2-seronegative piglets were inoculated intranasally with PCV2. The effect of immunostimulation on the induction of PMWS was investigated by immunisation with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) emulsified in incomplete Freunds adjuvant. The study was terminated 5 weeks after inoculation. While disease was not observed in the age-matched controls, two out of five non-immunised PCV2-infected piglets died on postinoculation day (PID) 21, and one was euthanized on PID 25 in moribund condition. These animals had appeared lethargic with persistent fever from PID 12 onwards. The euthanized pig appeared smaller than littermates and suffered from jaundice. At postmortem examination, gastric ulceration, icterus, and liver and thymus atrophy were observed. Furthermore, histological lesions of degenerating hepatocytes and hepatitis in combination with lymphoid depletion and syncytial cells in lymph nodes were consistent with the diagnosis of PMWS. One out of five immunostimulated PCV2-infected piglets was euthanized on PID 22 with convulsions after a period with wasting. This pig was lethargic from PID 14 onwards with persistent fever from PID 8 and transient dyspnoea. No differences in clinical signs, gross pathologic or histological findings were observed for the remaining non-immunostimulated and immunostimulated PCV2-infected piglets. All 10 PCV2-inoculated piglets seroconverted to PCV2 within 14 days after inoculation. By virus isolation, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR), and immunostaining of cryostat sections, it was demonstrated that lymphoid tissue contained abundant PCV2 antigen. Viral DNA load in serum samples was assessed by Q-PCR. All four PMWS-affected piglets had high levels of PCV2 DNA in serum, suggesting that there was a correlation between high levels of viral DNA in serum and the development of PMWS. In conclusion, infection with PCV2 caused PMWS in SPF piglets, however, the immunostimulation did not seem to play a critical role.
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PMID:Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in immunostimulated and non-immunostimulated 3-week-old piglets experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). 1224 88


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