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Query: UMLS:C0023241 (Legionella)
 6,990 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Legionella feeleii has been implicated by serologic studies as the causative agent in an outbreak of Pontiac fever and has been recovered from an institutional water source. Pneumonia caused by this agent has not been described previously. The authors have isolated L. feeleii from two immunosuppressed patients with community-acquired pneumonia and from an institutional water source. One patient survived after treatment with erythromycin. The other patient was leukopenic and died of pneumonia. Isolates exhibited typical cultural and biochemical features of L. feeleii and reacted with L. feeleii serogroup 1 antiserum. L. feeleii serogroup 1 is now known to cause not only Pontiac fever but also pneumonia in humans.
Am J Clin Pathol 1986 Sep
PMID:Legionella feeleii-associated pneumonia in humans. 375 97

In September and October 1981 six cases of pneumonia occurred among men working in a power station under construction. Three were identified as cases of legionella pneumonia and two others had serology suggestive of legionella infection. In a sample of 92 men from the site 10 had low levels of antibodies to legionella; a similar sample of men working on an adjacent site showed none with positive serology. In a case control study it was found that cases of pneumonia were more likely than controls to have worked on a part of the site where four small capacity cooling towers were located. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from the water systems of these four towers but was not found in samples from any other cooling towers or hot or cold water outlets on the site. It would appear that there was airborne spread of the organism from these cooling water systems which had not received conventional treatment to inhibit corrosion and organic growth. This is the first outbreak of legionnaires' disease to be recorded in an industrial setting in the United Kingdom. No cases of legionella infection have occurred on the site since the introduction of control measures.
Br J Ind Med 1986 Sep
PMID:Outbreak of legionnaires' disease from a cooling water system in a power station. 375 16

Legionella occurs frequently (52 to 54%) in domestic water and cooling water inside commercial, industrial and health care buildings, and these types of water systems are now regarded as a normal habitat for Legionella. The factors that predispose a particular water system to colonization by these organisms are ill-defined, although it is fairly certain that biological and physicochemical environmental factors play an important role in allowing Legionella to multiply in the circulating water. It has been postulated that the organism may gain access to water systems inside buildings by one of three routes: contact with air through open points such as uncovered storage tanks or vents, ingress of soil or surface water during construction or repair, or intermittent seeding with organisms present in low numbers in the public water supply. Three studies in the USA have found Legionella in 0.4 to 8.8% of drinking-water samples, but these were not representative of the public supply network as a whole. The aim of this study was to determine, over a period of 1 year, the frequency of Legionella in London's drinking water--from the treatment plant through to the consumer's tap. To date, Legionella has not been isolated from raw river water entering London's treatment works or from treated water entering the distribution network. Sixty-two monitoring taps in buildings located in 21 supply areas have been sampled twice for Legionella; only 2 (2.4%) have proved positive during the autumn and winter of 1985/86. The strain found was L. pneumophila serotype 1, subgroup Olda, and the numbers ranged from 10(2) to 10(4)/l. Although the survey is incomplete, it is already clear that the public water supplies in London are not a source of strains of Legionella associated with disease.
Isr J Med Sci 1986 Sep
PMID:Presence of Legionella in London's water supplies. 379 45

Legionnaires' Disease in South Africa has tended to show a seasonal pattern of occurrence with peaks in late summer and autumn (November to May). We investigated the possibility of a correlation between the seasonal finding of the organism in environmental habitats and the occurrence of clinical cases. Results of tests performed on environmental specimens indicate that the isolation rate is higher in summer-autumn than during winter-spring.
Isr J Med Sci 1986 Sep
PMID:Seasonality of Legionella isolates from environmental sources. 379 46

The presence of legionellae was investigated over 2 years in various types of water in Israel. Potable water, fish ponds, oxidation ponds and surface water were sampled on a monthly basis. Legionellae were not isolated during the cold months of the year (November to April), but were continually isolated during the rest of the year (May to October). Nineteen of 56 sources of water were found culture-positive for Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6, L. bozemanii, L. israelensis and some nonspeciated Legionella. As irrigation water in Israel originates from the various types of water that we found to be culture-positive for Legionella, the public health implications of this finding were correlated with our previous seroepidemiological survey of irrigation workers.
Isr J Med Sci 1986 Sep
PMID:Seasonal distribution of legionellae isolated from various types of water in Israel. 379 47

This paper examines the use of biocides to control the growth of Legionella pneumophila in recirculating cooling-water systems. The reasons for using biocides and their ideal properties are discussed. Comparative studies on several biocides' activity against Legionella are reported together with more detailed laboratory and field studies on one specific biocide, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (BNPD). The laboratory data include biocidal and biostatic tests on a range of Legionella species as well as the use of model cooling-water systems. The field studies comprise bacterial counts, fungal counts, Legionella isolation and chemical monitoring of biocide levels. BNPD was effective both in the laboratory and cooling-tower studies. In line with ecological considerations the activity of biocides against specific organisms implicated in supporting the growth of L. pneumophila is stressed. The paper emphasizes the need for field trial data to support laboratory studies in this area of biocide use.
Isr J Med Sci 1986 Sep
PMID:Biocidal control of legionellae. 379 48

The use of epidemiological markers for a survey is essential because of the ubiquity of legionellae, particularly L. pneumophila serogroup (SG) 1. The two settings under study were an administrative building associated with a fatal Legionnaires' Disease (LD) case due to L. pneumophila SG 1, and a hospital with 11 cases due to L. pneumophila SG 1 and 3 cases due to L. anisa. Monoclonal antibody serotyping allowed us to establish a link between the outbreaks of LD and the contamination of the hot water supply systems. Two subtypes of L. pneumophila SG 1 and L. anisa were detected in the hospital water system. However the finding of only one subtype of L. pneumophila SG 1 in the patients raised the problem of the difference in virulence of each Legionella strain. By means of aerosol tests on normal and cyclophosphamide-immunosuppressed guinea pigs, we demonstrated the potential pathogenicity of hospital water in the immunosuppressed animals. Two decontamination methods were applied: chlorination and a rise in hot water temperature. Time-limited control measures in the hospital were inadequate, resulting in only temporary eradication, followed by a rapid recolonization of legionellae and the appearance of new nosocomial cases. Decontamination of the administrative building was found to be effective when a constant concentration of 5 ppm free chlorine was obtained at tap outlets, and the water temperature was maintained at 55 C.
Isr J Med Sci 1986 Sep
PMID:Epidemiological evidence of legionellosis transmission through domestic hot water supply systems and possibilities of control. 379 49

Amoebae are natural hosts for legionellae. The significance of this with regard to the multiplication of legionellae in the environment, the protection of legionellae from biocides, and the epidemiology of Legionnaires' Disease and Pontiac fever are discussed. A vesicle, or small amoeba, containing many legionellae is suggested as the main infective particle for man. We believe Pontiac fever can be explained as involving hypersensitivity to acanthamoebae, and comment on the lack of phages for legionellae. Legionella-like amoebal pathogen 1 (LLAP-1) was isolated, and probably belongs to a new species of Legionella. Further amoebal hosts for legionellae were found.
Isr J Med Sci 1986 Sep
PMID:Current views on the relationships between amoebae, legionellae and man. 379 51

The presence of amoebae and Legionella pneumophila in ground-water, drinking water supplies and whirlpools was investigated. Volumes of 10 to 1,000 ml were concentrated by membrane filtration. L. pneumophila was detected on buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar, and amoebae by inverting filters on nonnutrient agar plates seeded with Escherichia coli that were incubated at 37 C for up to 12 days. In 65% of the samples positive for L. pneumophila amoebae were also detected. L. pneumophila and amoebae were detected together in 38% of warm drinking water samples. The highest isolation temperature for amoebae was 57 C, but fewer amoebae were detected above than below 50 C. In cold drinking water, amoebae were found in 88% of samples. The presence of L. pneumophila and amoebae in whirlpool waters (42%) presents a risk for man. Fresh environmental isolates of an Acanthamoeba species and L. pneumophila serogroup 4 were used for laboratory experiments. The amoebae supported intracellular multiplication of L. pneumophila in Chang's medium and autoclaved tap water, as shown by colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, direct fluorescent antibody test and Gimenez staining. Results confirmed that interaction between L. pneumophila and amoebae could occur in nature, and that the latter could act as hosts for legionellae and support their growth.
Isr J Med Sci 1986 Sep
PMID:Association between Legionella pneumophila and amoebae in water. 379 52

A technique is described for mathematically normalizing whole-cell protein profiles after sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to obtain standardized absolute migration distances using two internal Mr standards. A soft laser scanning densitometer was used to measure protein band migration distances in wet, silver-stained gels. The normalized values were superior to the unnormalized migration distances and common RF values in reducing the inter- and intragel variability of the protein band positions. A procedure is described for clustering normalized bacterial protein profiles using a sample data set obtained from the type strains of four Legionella species.
J Gen Microbiol 1986 Sep
PMID:Numerical analysis of normalized whole-cell protein profiles after sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 379 61


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