Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023241 (Legionella)
 6,990 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The lungs of 139 deceased and 29 slaughtered calves were examined for Legionella by culture and by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) with fluorescein-conjugated antisera. About 17% of the cadaver lungs and 4% of lungs from slaughtered animals were positive by DIF, but only two L. pneumophila serogroup 1 strains were isolated from the lungs of two cadavers. In a prevalence study of antibodies to Legionella in domestic and wild animals of various species, titers of 1:64 were demonstrated by the indirect immunofluorescence technique in the sera of 10% of the dairy cattle, 5% of the beef cattle, 4% of the sheep, 22% of the antelopes, 35% of the horses, 36% of the water buffaloes and none of the laboratory rabbits. The isolation of Legionella from lung tissue is the strongest indication so far reported of the possible role of Legionella spp. in animal disease.
Isr J Med Sci 1986 Sep
PMID:Legionellosis in animals in Israel. 349 9

Intracellular multiplication of virulent Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was inhibited by human monocyte-derived macrophages activated by a glycoprotein extract of Klebsiella pneumoniae, RU 41.740. Macrophage cultures were infected with L. pneumophila in the presence of immune antibodies on day 7 of culture. Extracellular bacteria were removed an hour after infection, and various concentrations of RU 41.740 or an antibiotic, erythromycin, were added. Intracellular multiplication in the presence of RU 41.740 was significantly slowed down compared with that of cultures without RU 41.740. The reduction was, however, significantly less than that effected by erythromycin, which was used as a positive control for inhibition of intracellular multiplication. Cultures incubated with RU 41.740 before infection also demonstrated a significant reduction in the intracellular multiplication of L. pneumophila. In addition, RU 41.740 increased superoxide anion production from human monocytes in suspension in the presence of L. pneumophila. These results show that direct nonspecific activation of macrophages by a bacterial glycoprotein inhibits the intracellular multiplication of L. pneumophila and may suggest a role for activated macrophages in host defense against intracellular pathogens.
Infect Immun 1987 Sep
PMID:Direct activation of human monocyte-derived macrophages by a bacterial glycoprotein extract inhibits the intracellular multiplication of virulent Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. 362

Protected transbronchial needle aspiration (PTBNA) of pneumonic lung theoretically could bypass dislodged upper respiratory tract flora, a potential source of contamination of protected specimen brush (PSB) cultures. To evaluate the usefulness of PSB and PTBNA in establishing the etiology of pneumonia, we prospectively studied 20 patients with acute bacterial pneumonia not receiving antibiotics. After informed consent, patients had fiberoptic bronchoscopy under fluoroscopy to localize the pneumonia, and specimens were obtained by the PSB. The protective plug of a specially devised needle for PTBNA was pneumatically dislodged and aspiration was performed within the infiltrate under fluoroscopy. Quantitative cultures were plated immediately for aerobes, anaerobes, and Legionella. Greater than 4 X 10(3) organisms/brush or 1 X 10(4) organisms/ml needle aspirate were considered to be consistent with infection. The results using PSB and PTBNA were compared in 15 of 20 patients in whom a definitive diagnosis (positive blood or pleural fluid culture) or presumptive diagnosis (expectorated sputum culture, clinical characteristics, and response to specific therapy) was established. The PSB and PTBNA cultures on uninfected control subjects (n = 5) being bronchoscoped for other reasons were negative. The PSB and PTBNA were each diagnostic in 2 of the 5 patients with definitive diagnoses. In the group with a presumptive diagnosis (n = 10), PSB was diagnostic in 7 of 10 and PTBNA in 9 of 10. The overall (definitive plus presumptive) diagnostic yield was 60% for PSB and 73% for PTBNA. Multiple organisms were isolated in high concentrations in 53% of the patients. The most common organisms recovered in addition to the primary pathogen was alpha hemolytic streptococci.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Am Rev Respir Dis 1987 Sep
PMID:Protected transbronchial needle aspiration and protected specimen brush in the diagnosis of pneumonia. 363 29

Plasmid analysis and restriction-endonuclease digestion were used to study 54 clinical and environmental Legionella strains. Plasmids with approximate molecular masses of 40, 50, 70, and 90 megadaltons (Mdal) have been isolated from L. pneumophila serogroup 1 strains. One L. jordanis strain contained two plasmids of 25 and 70 Mdal. Restriction analysis of clinical and related hospital-environmental isolates resulted in identical patterns. Geographic diversity is shown for strains of different origin.
Eur J Epidemiol 1987 Sep
PMID:Plasmid profiles of Legionella spp. isolates, Italy. 365 54

We conducted a prospective environmental study for Legionella pneumophila in 15 hospitals in Pennsylvania. Hot water tanks, cold water sites, faucets, and showerheads were surveyed four times over a one-year period. Sixty percent (9/15) of hospitals surveyed were contaminated with L pneumophila. Although contamination could not be linked to a specific municipal water supplier, most of the contaminated supplies came from rivers. Parameters found to be significantly associated with contamination included elevated hot water temperature, vertical configuration of the hot water tank, older tanks, and elevated calcium and magnesium concentrations of the water (P less than 0.05). This study suggests that L pneumophila contamination could be predicted based on design of the distribution system, as well as physicochemical characteristics of the water.
Infect Control 1987 Sep
PMID:Determinants of Legionella pneumophila contamination of water distribution systems: 15-hospital prospective study. 365 30

The clinician should be alert to the possibility of Legionella pneumonia in the community hospital setting. Importantly, degree of suspicion, that is, familiarity with extrapulmonary clinical and laboratory features of the typical pneumonias, nearly always leads to a correct presumptive diagnosis that may later be confirmed by serologic testing. Serologic testing has confirmed only a minority of cases. Since early empiric therapy is critical to survival in many of these patients, knowing how to arrive at a presumptive diagnosis based upon the clinical clue present or absent is essential in the community hospital setting.
Clin Chest Med 1987 Sep
PMID:Legionella and mycoplasma pneumonia--a community hospital experience with atypical pneumonias. 366 1

Forty-seven nosocomial cases of legionellosis due to Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 were diagnosed in one major outbreak from November 1982 to March 1983 in a 960-bed teaching hospital. Contaminated water was considered to be a possible source of infection because, during that period, monthly samples were found to be positive with averages of 10(4) CFU/l. After chlorination of hot water associated with flushing of outlets, nearly all samples taken in the next two years were found to be negative. A case-control study was performed to examine potential risk factors. Three groups of controls were randomly selected among eligible patients. In a multivariate analysis, only three clinical factors were found to be associated with legionellosis patients: malignant illness (relative risk, RR = 3.5), presence of an ultimately fatal disease (RR = 2.6), and exposure to corticosteroids prior to admission (RR = 7.9). Investigations of in-hospital exposures suggest that during this nosocomial outbreak diagnostic or therapeutic respiratory procedures had not increased the risk of illness. Although the epidemiological association between water contamination and disease remains unclear, the eradication of L. pneumophila from the identified supply seems to have been effective in preventing disease in this hospital.
Int J Epidemiol 1987 Sep
PMID:Epidemiological survey of a major outbreak of nosocomial legionellosis. 366 49

The penetration of roxithromycin (RU 28965), an ether oxime derivative of erythromycin, into the cells and fluid lining the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract was studied by performing fiber-optic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage on eight patients who had received roxithromycin at 300 mg perorally every 12 h for 5 days. The apparent volume of epithelial lining fluid recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage was determined by using urea as an endogenous marker. There was a significant relationship (r = 0.75; P less than 0.02) between roxithromycin levels in plasma and epithelial lining fluid, with a correlation whose slope suggested that the level of drug penetration into the lining fluid was 0.2. Concentrations of the antibiotic in cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (21 +/- 10 micrograms/ml) were 2 and 10 times higher than in plasma (11.4 +/- 5.7 micrograms/ml) and epithelial lining fluid (2.0 +/- 1.7 micrograms/ml), respectively. Thus, when administered perorally in humans, roxithromycin is markedly accumulated by resident alveolar macrophages in concentrations largely exceeding the MBCs of the drug for most facultative intracellular pathogens including Legionella pneumophila, despite low concentrations in the epithelial lining fluid.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987 Sep
PMID:Pulmonary disposition of roxithromycin (RU 28965), a new macrolide antibiotic. 367 43

The effects of azthreonam and carumonam against Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia-1 strain in liquid medium and in phagocytic cells were examined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of azthreonam for the bacteria was 12.5 micrograms/ml at a concentration of 1.4 X 10(4) colony forming units (CFU) and 25 micrograms/ml at a concentration of 1.4 X 10(5) CFU. MIC of carumonam was 25 micrograms/ml in both concentrations of the bacterial suspension. In guinea pig macrophages, both azthreonam and carumonam at a concentration of 100 micrograms/ml did not inhibit the multiplication of the bacteria.
J UOEH 1987 Sep 01
PMID:In vitro effects of monobactams on Legionella pneumophila. 368 14

Legionella pneumophila organisms are able to infect and multiply within the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. This ability may be associated with virulence, because an attenuated strain of L. pneumophila fails to multiply within this protozoan, whereas a virulent strain increases 10,000-fold in number when coincubated with T. pyriformis. Seventeen strains (11 species) of legionellae were evaluated for virulence by intraperitoneal injection of guinea pigs and inoculation of protozoan cultures. Analysis of the data indicates that there are four categories of legionellae with respect to virulence as follows: organisms that infect and kill guinea pigs and multiply in T. pyriformis; organisms that infect but do not kill guinea pigs and multiply in T. pyriformis; organisms that do not infect guinea pigs but are lethal at high concentrations and multiply in T. pyriformis; and organisms that neither infect nor kill guinea pigs and fail to multiply in T. pyriformis. Evidence suggests that these distinctions are based on two virulence factors: intracellular multiplication in a host and toxic activity.
Infect Immun 1986 Sep
PMID:Comparison of guinea pig and protozoan models for determining virulence of Legionella species. 374 50


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