Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023241 (Legionella)
 6,990 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against Bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were established. The specificity of the antibodies was ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and ELISA-inhibition experiments with LPS and delipidated polysaccharide fragments (PS-1 and PS-2) prepared from B. pertussis LPS. Monoclonal antibody 9-1-H5 reacted with B. pertussis LPS only, whereas monoclonal antibodies 6-4-H6 and 9-2-A8 reacted with PS-1 and PS-2 as well as B. pertussis LPS. The antibodies did not react with LPS prepared from B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica in an LPS-specific ELISA. A monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA was developed for detection of B. pertussis LPS. This assay had a detection limit of B. pertussis LPS in concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 0.32 microgram/ml. The assay was also shown to be specific for the detection of whole B. pertussis bacteria. No cross-reactions were observed with strains of Branhamella catarrhalis, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus miteor, Haemophilus influenzae, or Legionella pneumophila. The monoclonal antibodies might be useful for the detection of soluble antigens and whole bacteria in clinical samples and for studies of the immunochemical structure of B. pertussis LPS.
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PMID:Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against Bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide. 289 6

Hybrid cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) were established. The specificity of the antibodies was ascertained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), sandwich ELISA, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by electroblotting. The monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA was developed for detection of B. pertussis FHA. The assay had a detection limit of B. pertussis FHA in concentrations ranging from 7 to 15 ng/ml. The assay was also able to detect whole B. pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis, and Bordetella bronchiseptica bacteria. No cross-reactions were observed with strains of Branhamella catarrhalis, Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Streptococcus miteor, or Streptococcus pneumoniae. The monoclonal antibodies might be useful for the detection of soluble antigens and whole bacteria in clinical samples and for studies of the immunochemical structure of B. pertussis FHA.
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PMID:Monoclonal antibody-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin. 290 74

Macrolides are active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella spp. and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the main causes of community-acquired pneumonia They may therefore be used for the empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, although emergent resistance in Str. pneumoniae limits their use in some parts of the world. In patients with bronchitis the use of macrolides reduces the severity and duration of symptoms. Macrolides have also been used successfully in the treatment of otitis media and sinusitis; combination with sulphonamides may be desirable. They may be effective in eradicating the carrier state of Str. pyogenes, Bordetella pertussis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Macrolides provide alternative therapy for the prophylaxis of recurrent acute rheumatic fever and of infective endocarditis after dental treatment. The cure rate with macrolides of streptococcal skin infections and of minor staphylococcal infections is equal to that achieved with penicillins. In diarrhoea due to Campylobacter jejuni, the administration of macrolides shortens the duration of the faecal excretion of organisms and may give clinical improvement in severe disease. Macrolides are the drugs of choice for infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy and for Haemophilus ducreyi infections. They are effective alternative therapy to benzylpenicillin for the treatment of N. gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum infections.
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PMID:The clinical use of macrolides. 305 68

The antibacterial activity of ofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was evaluated against a wide range of clinical bacterial isolates and compared with that of nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, enoxacin, pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Ofloxacin was very active against nalidixic acid-susceptible isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae (MIC less than or equal to 0.12 mg/l) and was also active against strains resistant to nalidixic acid (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l). The activity was similar to norfloxacin, enoxacin and pefloxacin but some four-fold less than that of ciprofloxacin. All of the fluoroquinolones were highly active against Vibrio cholerae (MIC less than or equal to 0.015 mg/l), V. parahaemolyticus (MIC less than or equal to 0.12 mg/l) Aeromonas hydrophila (MIC less than or equal to 0.03 mg/l), Plesiomonas shigelloides (MIC less than or equal to 0.015 mg/l), Campylobacter jejuni (MIC less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l), Neisseria spp., Haemophilus influenzae, H. ducreyi, Bordetella pertussis and Legionella pneumophila (MIC less than or equal to 0.06 mg/l for all species). Ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin (MIC less than or equal to 1, 2 and 2 mg/l, respectively) showed similar activity against Staphylococcus spp. and were somewhat more active than enoxacin (MIC less than or equal to 4 mg/l) and norfloxacin (MIC less than or equal to 8 mg/l). Ofloxacin was moderately active against beta-haemolytic Streptococcus spp. (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (MIC less than or equal to 1 mg/l) and Cory. jeikeium (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l) and somewhat less active against alpha- and non-haemolytic Streptococcus spp., Str. pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes (MIC less than or equal to 4 mg/l for all species) and Str. faecalis (MIC less than or equal to 8 mg/l). The activity of ofloxacin, against these species, was similar to ciprofloxacin and four to eight times greater than norfloxacin, enoxacin and pefloxacin. Ofloxacin, and all of the fluoroquinolones, were less active against anaerobic than aerobic bacteria. Clostridium perfringens (MIC less than or equal to 1 mg/l) was more susceptible to ofloxacin than were other anaerobic species and Cl. difficile (MIC less than or equal to 16 mg/l) was more resistant. Ofloxacin was the most active compound tested against Chlamydia trachomatis SA2f (MIC less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l) with only ciprofloxacin (MIC less than or equal to 1 mg/l) approaching similar activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The comparative in-vitro activity of ofloxacin. 318 68

The in vitro activities of several 14-, 15- and 16-membered macrolides were compared with that of erythromycin. In general, 14-membered macrolides such as erythromycin, clarithromycin, and flurithromycin were more active against streptococci and Bordetella pertussis than was the 15-membered macrolide azithromycin, which was more active than 16-membered macrolides such as miocamycin and rokitamycin. Clarithromycin was the most active compound against Streptococcus pyogenes, pneumococci, Listeria monocytogenes, and Corynebacterium species. Legionella pneumophila was most susceptible to miocamycin, clarithromycin, and rokitamycin. Branhamella catarrhalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Haemophilus influenzae were most susceptible to azithromycin. Azithromycin and dirithromycin were the most active compounds against Campylobacter jejuni. MICs of 16-membered macrolides for strains expressing inducible-type resistance to erythromycin were less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml, whereas none of the compounds had activity against strains expressing constitutive-type resistance. The MICs of roxithromycin, miocamycin, rokitamycin, and josamycin increased in the presence of human serum, whereas MICs of the other compounds either were unchanged or decreased.
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PMID:Comparative in vitro activities of new 14-, 15-, and 16-membered macrolides. 325 53

In this review of the risk of infection to hospital staff, attention is drawn to the continuing risk presented by hepatitis B and pulmonary tuberculosis, which are more common than diseases such as typhoid fever, brucellosis, histoplasmosis, whooping cough, infectious gastroenteritis, measles, and parotiditis. Other items considered include the susceptibility of female hospital staff to rubella and the importance of their undergoing screening and vaccination; the risks currently presented by epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and by herpes viruses (herpes simplex, varicella zoster, and cytomegalovirus); and the risk of contracting the new infectious diseases (Legionnaires' disease, Marburg disease, Lassa fever, and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome).
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PMID:Occupational hazards in hospitals: risk of infection. 330 95

Erythromycin is a macrolide that acts by inhibiting the translocation reaction during protein synthesis. Erythromycin is inactive against the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa except under alkaline conditions. Erythromycin is active against most gram-positive bacteria; some gram-negative bacteria, including Neisseria, Bordetella, Brucella, Campylobacter, and Legionella; and Treponema, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma. The emergence of resistance to erythromycin is closely associated with its use and is often plasmid mediated. After its oral or parenteral administration, erythromycin diffuses readily into intracellular fluids and is actively concentrated intracellularly by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and alveolar macrophages.
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PMID:Erythromycin: a microbial and clinical perspective after 30 years of clinical use (1). 397 1

A number of bacterial systems were studied with specific direct fluorescent-antibody reagents prepared from rabbit antiserum fractions and having a wide range of fluorescein-to-protein ratios. These systems included Bacteroides, Bordetella, Clostridium, Escherichia, Legionella, Listeria, Salmonella, Shigella, and Streptococcus. For all systems studied, a fluorescein-to-protein ratio of 30 was optimal for conjugates prepared from ammonium sulfate fractions (greater than 75% gamma globulin) and pure immunoglobulin G desorbed from the Sepharose-bound protein A of Staphylococcus aureus. A pepsin digestion procedure is described that yielded the F(ab')2 piece of pure immunoglobulin G; this was labeled and studied at two fluorescein-to-protein ratios.
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PMID:Optimal fluorescein-to-protein ratios of bacterial direct fluorescent-antibody reagents. 616 37

The new macrolide derivatives, such as roxithromycin, clarithromycin or azithromycin, respectively, extend the spectrum of activity in antimicrobial chemotherapy. Their direct antibacterial activities are more or less similar to that of erythromycin, i.e., besides gram-positive cocci and rods the gram-negative cocci are likewise susceptible to these drugs. This holds true for aerobes as well as anaerobes. Especially the cell wall deficient bacteria, such as chlamydias, rickettsias, mycoplasmas, are generally rather susceptible. Among the gram-negative aerobic rods some genera are susceptible, for example Bordetella, Haemophilus or Legionella, whereas the Enterobacteriaceae are practically resistant, because their cell wall is rather impermeable. In a few examples, i.e. mycobacteria other than tuberculosis and certain protozoa, such as Toxoplasma, the new macrolides exert a definite greater activity than erythromycin. In particular, the property of the new derivatives to be highly accumulated within host cells, especially within phagocytes, renders these drugs extremely effective against intracellular pathogens, such as Mycobacteria, Legionella, Chlamydia, Listeria, Toxoplasma. Consequently, these new derivatives definitely improve and extend the indications for macrolide antibiotics.
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PMID:[Macrolides, a group of antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity]. 795 64

The application of monoclonal antibodies and DNA probes in the clinical microbiology laboratory has resulted in an array of rapid diagnostic tests. The immunofluorescent assay or enzyme-linked immunoassay is widely used in the rapid diagnosis of bacteria eg Group A streptococcus, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis; parasites eg Chlamydia tachomatis, Cryptosporidium species; and fungi eg Pneumocystis carinii. The BACTEC system was first introduced to detect bacteraemia pathogens. It has been further developed to detect Mycobacterium species in clinical specimens and this has greatly reduced turn-around time in the laboratory diagnosis of Mycobacterium species. The discovery of the polymerase chain reaction has led to hopes of using it as a potential diagnostic tool in the microbiology laboratory.
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PMID:Update of the rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases. I: Bacteria, fungi and parasites. 799 14


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