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Query: UMLS:C0023241 (Legionella)
 6,990 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The bacteriological study of sputa, nasopharyngeal smears and bronchial washings taken from pneumonia patients has shown that the leading etiological agent was Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the diagnostic titre (10(7) bacteria per ml) in 78.1% of the cases. Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, enterobacteria and yeast-like fungi have been found to play an insignificant role in the etiology of acute pneumonia (2.5 +/- +/- 0.9%). The results of the serological diagnosis by means of the complement fixation test have revealed that, alongside S. pneumoniae, the following infective agents are of etiological importance in cases of acute pneumonia: respiratory viruses (more than 50%), Mycoplasma pneumonia (10%), Chlamydia psittaci (6.4%) and Legionella pneumophila (3.8%). The study has first revealed that, under the conditions of Alma-Ata, serotypes 19, 23, 8 and 4 prevail among circulating pneumococci. This study has also shown that the use of M. pneumoniae antibody erythrocyte diagnosticum enhances the detection rate of mycoplasma infections in pneumonia patients.
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PMID:[Etiological structure of pneumonias in children and adults]. 296 Jan 6

Paired serum samples were collected from 94 children with pneumonia admitted to Goroka Hospital, Papua New Guinea. All but three of the children were aged 1-24 months. Only nine children were malnourished, with weight for age less than 70% of the Harvard median (three had weight for age less than 60% of the Harvard median). Pneumocystis carinii antigen was detected in the serum of 23 children. Twenty two children had serological evidence of recent infection with respiratory syncytial virus. Five children were probably infected with Chlamydia trachomatis at the time of the study, and there was less convincing serological evidence of current infection in a further 11 children. Five children showed a fourfold rise in antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Although only one child showed a fourfold rise in antibody to cytomegalovirus, 86 children had this antibody. No child showed a fourfold rise in antibody to Ureaplasma urealyticum or Legionella pneumophila. P carinii, respiratory syncytial virus, C trachomatis, M pneumoniae, and cytomegalovirus may be important causes of pneumonia in children in developing countries.
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PMID:Pneumonia associated with infection with pneumocystis, respiratory syncytial virus, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and cytomegalovirus in children in Papua New Guinea. 300 38

In a retrospective study the serological results from 1494 patients with community-acquired pneumonia were evaluated. An infectious etiology was found in about 40% of the cases. The majority of pneumonias was caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae and by influenza virus type A, whereas Legionella pneumophila was the fifth most frequent pathogen. In the second part of the study, 13 hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia were investigated by the whole panel of routinely used microbial methods. The etiological agent was found serologically in 3 cases and in one case by cultivation. These results suggest that the determination of serum antibodies against pathogens is frequently more useful than is generally assumed, although the yield of positive results is dependent on the epidemiological situation. The detection of elevated complement-fixing titers or specific IgM antibodies often leads to diagnosis from the first serum examined.
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PMID:[Etiology of atypical pneumonias. A serological study on 1494 patients]. 300 94

Pneumonia/influenza is one of the top ten leading causes of mortality in the United States each year. The identification of the etiologic agent responsible for lower respiratory tract infection plays an important role in the proper management of this clinical problem. The specimens submitted for evaluation are obtained in diverse ways and include expectorated sputum, material from transtracheal and bronchoscopic procedures, pleural fluid and lung aspirates, and biopsy of actual lung tissue. Processing of material can include stained smears, aerobic and anaerobic cultures, and special processing techniques for fungal, viral, Pneumocystis carinii, Legionella, mycobacterial, and mycoplasma identification. Modifications of smear preparation techniques and application of the new DNA probe technology are providing the opportunity for rapid microbiologic testing of clinical specimens with increased sensitivity and specificity, often obviating the need for invasive diagnostic procedures. Laboratory methodology is continually undergoing technological change, and optimal care of the patient with pneumonia requires close cooperation between the attending physician and the clinical laboratory.
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PMID:Using the microbiology laboratory in the diagnosis of pneumonia. 304 11

This review of spiramycin activity in vitro is based mainly on early studies. The MICs of spiramycin for common pathogenic bacteria such as staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci are higher than those of erythromycin. Conversely, in experimental models, the activity of spiramycin is equal to or greater than that of erythromycin. In addition, the activity of spiramycin on Neisseria, Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Toxoplasma spp. completes its antimicrobial spectrum and shows that spiramycin covers the majority of agents responsible for respiratory tract infections. The 'spiramycin paradox'-the discrepancy between the relatively modest activity of spiramycin in vitro and its excellent activity in vivo will be explained by other papers. Its high tissue and intracellular concentrations, and the slow recovery of bacteria submitted to spiramycin are of great importance to account for its activity in vivo.
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PMID:Early studies on in-vitro and experimental activity of spiramycin: a review. 305 64

Macrolides are active against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella spp. and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the main causes of community-acquired pneumonia They may therefore be used for the empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, although emergent resistance in Str. pneumoniae limits their use in some parts of the world. In patients with bronchitis the use of macrolides reduces the severity and duration of symptoms. Macrolides have also been used successfully in the treatment of otitis media and sinusitis; combination with sulphonamides may be desirable. They may be effective in eradicating the carrier state of Str. pyogenes, Bordetella pertussis, Corynebacterium diptheriae, and Neisseria meningitidis. Macrolides provide alternative therapy for the prophylaxis of recurrent acute rheumatic fever and of infective endocarditis after dental treatment. The cure rate with macrolides of streptococcal skin infections and of minor staphylococcal infections is equal to that achieved with penicillins. In diarrhoea due to Campylobacter jejuni, the administration of macrolides shortens the duration of the faecal excretion of organisms and may give clinical improvement in severe disease. Macrolides are the drugs of choice for infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy and for Haemophilus ducreyi infections. They are effective alternative therapy to benzylpenicillin for the treatment of N. gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum infections.
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PMID:The clinical use of macrolides. 305 68

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a frequent causal agent of respiratory infections. A recent french survey was carried out on adults in hospital for an acute pneumonia which was acquired outside hospital. This study showed Mycoplasma pneumoniae in third position, behind the pneumococcus and Legionella pneumophila, accounting for 17% of those cases with an established aetiology. Nevertheless its exact importance is difficult to establish on account of the high frequency of very benign forms in which a clinical diagnosis is not achieved. M. pneumoniae pneumonia occurs particularly in young subjects without any seasonal or geographical predominance. The infection is endemic with little epidemic peaks every four to five years. It is weakly contagious and is limited to close contacts. The laboratory diagnosis of M. pneumoniae pneumonia can be made by isolating the germ responsible or by a serological examination. Isolation is rarely performed. It is lengthy and difficult and may be obtained from sputum or better from throat swabs. Several serological examinations have been performed. The presence of cold agglutinins is non specific. A search for anti M. pneumoniae antibodies is much more helpful. It is done by complement fixation in most laboratories. The diagnosis of a M. pneumoniae infection can be confirmed by a significant change in antibody level between the first and second blood specimens 15 days apart (at least a four fold rise in the antibody level) if the first specimen was taken at the beginning of the illness. If a single serum specimen is examined a minimum titre of 1/64 may be taken as a presumptive diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Biological diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae respiratory infections]. 308 89

A 38 year old woman with diabetes mellitus and bronchial asthma was admitted to hospital with pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae; she recovered promptly on erythromycin treatment. Six weeks later she presented with aortic valve endocarditis without concurrent lung disease. A concurrent increase in titres of antibody to Legionella bozemanii, L longbeachae, and L jordanis indicated a Legionella infection. Legionella infection should be considered, even in the absence of pneumonia, in cases of endocarditis where no other cause can be detected.
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PMID:Aortic valve endocarditis associated with Legionella infection after Mycoplasma pneumonia. 311 81

An immunoblot (Western) assay was developed employing a species-specific monoclonal antibody to a 43 kDa Mycoplasma pneumoniae membrane polypeptide and a species-specific monoclonal antibody to 29 kDa Legionella pneumophila outer membrane protein. This assay could simultaneously detect these two different antigens directly in sputum. The 43 kDa M. pneumoniae antigen was detected by this assay in each of three M. pneumoniae culture-confirmed sputum specimens. In addition, the 29 kDa L. pneumophila antigen was detected in three of three L. pneumophila culture-confirmed sputum specimens. Neither of these two specific antigens were detected in induced sputum specimens from ten normal individuals.
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PMID:The simultaneous direct detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila antigens in sputum specimens by a monoclonal antibody immunoblot assay. 311 90

Throat swabs from patients with pharyngitis and sputum specimens from patients with atypical pneumonia were tested for the presence of a Mycoplasma pneumoniae polypeptide with a molecular weight of 43,000 with the use of an M. pneumoniae species-specific monoclonal antibody in an immunoblot assay. This 43,000-dalton polypeptide was detectable in 33 of 33 throat swabs from patients with pharyngitis that were positive for M. pneumoniae by conventional culture as well as a culture-amplified enzyme immunoassay. The 43,000-dalton polypeptide was also detected in three of three M. pneumoniae culture-positive sputum specimens. It was not detected in 3 sputum specimens culture-confirmed for Legionella pneumophila, 10 sputum specimens from normal persons, or 25 throat swabs also from normal persons. This immunoblot assay could be completed within five hours and may be an alternative method for detecting M. pneumoniae antigen directly in sputum or throat swab specimens.
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PMID:Direct detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antigen in clinical specimens by a monoclonal antibody immunoblot assay. 312 58


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