Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023241 (Legionella)
 6,990 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

West Nile encephalitis (WNE) has become endemic in the United States since 1999. The clinical spectrum of WNE includes aseptic meningitis, meningoencephalitis, or encephalitis with or without flaccid paralysis. The severity of WNE ranges from asymptomatic serum conversion to severe neurologic deficits or a fatal outcome. Several systemic disorders may present with encephalitis as part of the clinical presentation, for example, Legionnaires' disease, neoplasms with metastases to the central nervous system, Mycoplasma meningoencephalitis, brucellosis, Listeria, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichiosis, and malaria. The most common infectious causes of encephalitis that need to be differentiated from WNE include herpes simplex virus 1, meningoencephalitis, and enteroviral meningoencephalitis. We present a case of apparent hepatic encephalopathy secondary to pancreatic carcinoma with liver involvement that presented as hepatic encephalopathy mimicking WNE. We conclude that patients presenting with encephalitis in the summer months should have serum/cerebrospinal fluid serologic studies sent for WNE even if an alternate explanation seems to explain the clinical syndrome.
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PMID:West Nile viral encephalitis mimicking hepatic encephalopathy. 1564 37

Inbred mouse strains have been known for many years to vary in their degree of susceptibility to different types of infectious diseases. The genetic basis of these interstrain differences is sometimes simple but often complex. In a few cases, positional cloning has been used successfully to identify single gene effects. The natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1) gene (Slc11a1) codes for a metal transporter active at the phagosomal membrane of macrophages, and Nramp1 mutations cause susceptibility to Mycobacterium, Salmonella, and Leishmania. Furthermore, recent advances in gene transfer technologies in transgenic mice have enabled the functional dissection of gene effects mapping to complex, repeated parts of the genome, such as the Lgn1 locus, causing susceptibility to Legionella pneumophila in macrophages. Finally, complex traits such as the genetically determined susceptibility to malaria can sometimes be broken down into multiple single gene effects. One such example is the case of pyruvate kinase, where a loss-of-function mutation was recently shown by our group to be protective against blood-stage infection with Plasmodium chabaudi. In all three cases reviewed, the characterization of the noted gene effect(s) has shed considerable light on the pathophysiology of the infection, including host response mechanisms.
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PMID:Single gene effects in mouse models of host: pathogen interactions. 1565 50

Epidemiological surveillance in Navarre (584,734 inhabitants) covers 34 transmissible diseases, whose notification is compulsory, and epidemic outbreaks of any aetiology. Notification is carried out on a weekly basis by the doctors from paediatrics, primary care and specialised care. In 2004, 75.8% of all the possible notification reports (a weekly report for each doctor) were received, a percentage that has improved in the last five year period. Flu only reached 14.4 cases per 1,000 inhabitants (Epidemic Index, EI: 0.30), due to the advance of the epidemic peak for the 2003-2004 season to the month of November. The rate of respiratory tuberculosis fell to 11.6 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and the rate of non-respiratory tuberculosis rose to 2.7 per 100,000. Ten cases of tuberculosis (11.9%) were grouped into four outbreaks that affected adolescents and young adults. Thirty percent of the cases were produced in immigrants and 4.8% in persons coinfected with HIV, proportions that are similar to those of the previous year. Eleven cases of meningococcal disease were reported, (1.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants; EI 0.73), but only in 8 cases was the clinical form sepsis and/or meningitis. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B was isolated in 8 cases, and serogroup C in 2 cases, the latter 2 were adults and were not vaccinated. The incidence of immunopreventable diseases continues to fall, and for the fifth consecutive year no case of measles has been reported. Legionnaire's disease, which is detected through the systematic determination of the antigen in urine, rose to 5.8 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (EI: 1.42), without any epidemiological relation between them. The incidence of imported diseases rose, with 12 cases of malaria, 8 of shigellosis, 5 of hepatitis A and 2 of legionnaire's disease acquired outside Spain.
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PMID:[Communicable disease surveillance in Navarre, 2004]. 1582 82

Before twentieth centuries and during early twentieth centuries, communicable diseases were the major cause of morbidity and mortality in Korea. But reliable data are not available. After 1975, the overall morbidity and mortality from communicable diseases, rapidly declined. Recently many new pathogenic microbes were recognized: L. monocytogenes, Hantaan virus, Y. pseudotuberculosis, P. multocida, L. pneumophilia, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), G. seoi, H. capsulatum, C. burnetii, V. cholerae 0139, C. parvum, F. tularensis, E. coli 0157:H7, B. burgdorferi, S. Typhimurium DT104, Rotavirus, hepatitis C virus and so on. Since the first HIV infection recognized in 1985, the reported cases of infection and deaths from HIV/AIDS have been steady increased each year. Legionnaire's disease, E. coli 0157:H7 colitis, listeriosis and crytosporidiasis have been occurring just sporadically among immunocompromized cases. Many re-emerging communicable diseases were occurred in Korea: leptospirosis, malaria, endemic typhus, cholera, tsutsugamushi disease, salmonellosis, hepatitis A, shigellosis, mumps, measles, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, brucellosis and so on. Leptospirosis and tsutsugamushi diseases have been noticed as major public health problems since 1980s. The malaria that had been virtually disappeared for a decade has reappeared from 1993 with striking increase of patients in recent 3-4 years. The distributions of salmonella and shigella serotypes have been changed a lot in recent few decades. Furthermore rapid emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains induces more difficult and complex problems in control of communicable diseases. We must recognize on the importance of environment and ecosystem conservation and careful prescription of anti-microbial agent in order to prevent communicable diseases.
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PMID:[Changing patterns of communicable diseases in Korea]. 1631 47

Epidemiological vigilance in Navarre (601,874 inhabitants) in 2006 included 34 diseases whose notification is compulsory and epidemic outbreaks. Notification is carried out on a weekly basis by the doctors from paediatrics, primary care and specialised care facing any suspicion of these processes, and is completed with microbiological diagnoses. In 2006 the incidence of influenza reached 16.8 cases per 1,000 inhabitants (Epidemic Index, EI: 0.46), showing a late seasonal peak (March) of low dimensions. The incidence of respiratory tuberculosis was 11.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and that of non-respiratory tuberculosis was 2.3; both at similar levels to recent years. Seven cases of tuberculosis occurred in three aggregates amongst cohabitants, and another 7 in non-cohabiting persons resident in the same municipality. Six percent of the cases were coinfected with HIV, and 37% occurred in immigrants. The incidence of meningococcal disease rose to 19 cases (3.2 cases per 100,000 inhabitants; EI 1.46), all of them sporadic. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B was isolated in 16 cases. There was one case of serogroup C, in a child who had received 3 doses of combined vaccine. In two cases (11%) death occurred. The incidence of legionnaire's disease rose to 28 cases per 100,000 inhabitants (EI:4.88), due to a community outbreak that affected 146 people. Excluding this outbreak, incidence was similar to previous years (3.3 per 100,000 inhabitants). In August an outbreak of parotitis began, and 911 cases had been counted until the end of 2006; and it has continued during 2007. Eleven cases of malaria were registered, all imported. Notifications of toxic food infections has continued to fall (IE:0.48).
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PMID:[Epidemiology of notifiable diseases in Navarre, 2006]. 1789 19

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) represents a syndrome that can complicate many clinical conditions and may be life-threatening, requiring prompt treatment. It is recognized by the signs of acute- or subacute-onset cough, hemoptysis, diffuse radiographic pulmonary infiltrates, anemia, and hypoxemic respiratory distress. DAH is characterized by the accumulation of intra-alveolar red blood cells originating most frequently from the alveolar capillaries. It must be distinguished from localized pulmonary hemorrhage, which is most commonly due to chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, tumor, or localized infection. Hemoptysis, the major sign of DAH, may develop suddenly or over a period of days to weeks; this sign may also be initially absent, in which case diagnostic suspicion is established after sequential bronchoalveolar lavage reveals worsening red blood cell counts. The causes of DAH can be divided into infectious and noninfectious, the latter of which may affect immunocompetent or immunodeficient patients. Pulmonary infections are rarely reported in association with DAH, but they should be considered in the diagnostic workup because of the obvious therapeutic implications. In immunocompromised patients, the main infectious diseases that cause DAH are cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, invasive aspergillosis, Mycoplasma, Legionella, and Strongyloides. In immunocompetent patients, the infectious diseases that most frequently cause DAH are influenza A (H1N1), dengue, leptospirosis, malaria, and Staphylococcus aureus infection. Based on a search of the PubMed and Scopus databases, we review the infectious diseases that may cause DAH in immunocompetent patients.
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PMID:Infectious diseases causing diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in immunocompetent patients: a state-of-the-art review. 2312 13

Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, G are the most common causes of acute hepatitis, however, there are many infectious diseases affecting liver and with fever, early diagnostics of which is very important for the clinic of internal diseases. This review presents infections, causing fever and hepatitis, but not necessarily accompanied by jaundice. Leptospirosis, yellow fever have been considered, in which liver damage determines the clinic and the prognosis of the disease. In other cases, such as infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus and herpetic hepatitis, typho-para-typhoid infections, typhoid, pneumonia, some viral diseases, malaria, Legionnaire's disease, hepatitis do not have their independent status and represent one of the important syndromes of a common disease. Modern methods of diagnostics and treatment of these diseases have been described.
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PMID:[Acute hepatitis in infectious diseases]. 2429 83

Respiratory infections are responsible for up to 11% of febrile infections in travellers or immigrants from tropical and subtropical regions. The main pathogens are the same as in temperate climate zones: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, influenza viruses, Legionella pneumophila. However, some pulmonary diseases can be attributed to bacterial, parasitic, viral or fungal pathogens that are endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. The most commonly imported infections are malaria, dengue, and tuberculosis. Pulmonary symptoms and eosinophilia in returning travellers and migrants may be caused by several parasitic infections such as Katayama syndrome, Loeffler syndrome, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, amebiasis, paragonimiasis, echinococcosis, and toxocariasis. In Asia, Tsutsugamushi fever is transmitted by chiggers, spotted fever rickettsiae are transmitted by ticks. Transmission of zoonotic diseases occurs mainly via contact with infected animals or their excretions, human-to-human transmission is generally rare: MERS-CoA (dromedary camels), pulmonary hantavirus infection (rodents), tularemia (rabbits and hares), leptospirosis (rats), Q-fever (sheep and goats), very rarely anthrax (hides of ruminants) and pest (infected rats and wildlife). Inhalation of contaminated dust can cause infections with dimorphic fungi: histoplasmosis (bat guano) and coccidioidomycosis in America and parts of Africa, blastomycosis in America. Some infections can cause symptoms years after a stay in tropical or subtropical regions (melioidosis, tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension). Noninfectious respiratory diseases caused by inhalation of high amounts of air pollution or toxic dusts may also be considered.
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PMID:[Travel-associated pneumonias]. 2529 Sep 23

Fevers of unknown origin (FUOs) may be due to any of over 200 different disorders. We present a most unusual case of an FUO in a returning traveler from the Dominican Republic. Work-up for Q fever, Brucellosis, Bartonella, malaria and HIV were negative, but very highly elevated ESRs and ferritin levels suggested possible Legionnaire's disease. This is the third reported case of Legionnaire's disease presenting as an FUO.
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PMID:Fever of unknown origin (FUO) due to Legionnaire's disease. 2544 58


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