Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023241 (Legionella)
 6,990 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The European Working Group for Legionella Infections (EWGLI) was set up in 1986 and introduced the European Surveillance Scheme for Travel Associated Legionnaires Disease in 1987. The microbiologists working in reference laborat-ories and the epidemiolog
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PMID:EWGLI: a European surveillance scheme for travel associated legionnaire s disease. 1263 40

The European Surveillance Scheme for Travel Associated Legionnaires Disease was set up by the European Working Group on Legionella Infections (EWGLI) in 1987 to identify cases of legionella infection in returning travellers and to detect outbreaks and cl
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PMID:Travel associated legionnaires disease in Europe: 1997 and 1998. 1263 85

For the sake of water conservation, a system for circulating hot water is widely used at public baths in Japan. Recently, large outbreaks of Legionella infection have occurred in public baths in Miyazaki and Kagoshima prefectures. More than three hundred persons were infected with Legionella pneumophila, and eight died. These outbreaks revealed that the Manual of Prevention Measures against Legionella Infection in a Circulating Hot Water Bath, which was published by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan in 2001, was not fully understood or conformed to by managers of the baths. Microbiological features about legionellae should be fully understood for prevention of Legionella infection in a circulating hot water or spring bath. This review describes the microbiological characteristics of legionellae, their habits in the environment, pathogenesis, symptoms of Legionella infection, and disease outbreaks in Japan. I also describe practical prevention measures to deal with this organism in a circulating hot water or spring bath.
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PMID:[Prevention measures against Legionella infection in a circulating hot water bath]. 1266 28

The virulence factor Mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator) contributes to the intracellular survival of Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease. The protein consists of two domains that are connected via a very long alpha-helix (A. Riboldi-Tunnicliffe et al., Nat. Struct. Biol. 8:779-783, 2001). The fold of the C-terminal domain (residues 100 to 213) is closely related to human FK506-binding protein (FKBP12), and like FKBP12, Mip exhibits peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) activity. The alpha-helical N-terminal domain is responsible for the formation of very stable Mip homodimers. In order to determine the importance of the homodimeric state of Mip for its biochemical activities and for infectivity of Legionella, a truncated, monomeric Mip variant [Mip((77-213))] was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and characterized biochemically. In vitro isomerase activity assays revealed that the altered protein exhibits full isomerase activity towards peptide substrates. However, the deletion resulted in a dramatic loss in the efficiency of refolding of reduced and carboxy-methylated RNase T(1). By cis complementation of the Mip-negative mutant strain L. pneumophila JR32-2, we constructed the strain L. pneumophila JR32-2.4, which expresses an N-terminally truncated variant of Mip. Infection studies with these strains revealed that the N-terminal part and the dimerization of Mip but not its PPIase activity are necessary for full virulence in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Infection of guinea pigs showed that strains with dimerization-deficient Mip (JR32-2.4) or a very low PPIase activity (JR32-2.2) were significantly attenuated in the animal model. These results suggest a different role of the PPIase activity and the N-terminally mediated dimeric state of Mip in monocellular systems and during the infection of guinea pigs.
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PMID:Biochemical and functional analyses of the Mip protein: influence of the N-terminal half and of peptidylprolyl isomerase activity on the virulence of Legionella pneumophila. 1287 17

Infections with Legionella bacteria can cause a potentially lethal form of pneumonia known as legionnaires' disease. In 1999 a major outbreak, causing 31 deaths, occurred among visitors and exhibitors of a consumer fair in The Netherlands. The epidemiology of subclinical infections is largely unknown, as there is no reliable method to diagnose such infections. To explore the incidence of subclinical infections, IgG and IgM antibody levels among exhibitors were compared to those among a representative sample of the Dutch population. As exhibitors were assumed to comprise both infected and uninfected individuals, their antibody levels were modelled as a mixture distribution. As infected individuals are expected to cluster around a point source, the spatial aspect of the spread of infections was taken into account. To estimate the distribution of antibody levels among infected individuals and to impute infection status among exhibitors, data augmentation was used. Subclinical infection appeared to be very common and its frequency declined with the distance from the putative source of the outbreak.
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PMID:Estimating the incidence of subclinical infections with Legionella Pneumonia using data augmentation: analysis of an outbreak in The Netherlands. 1467 33

Infection with Legionella spp. is an important cause of serious community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia, occurring sporadically and in outbreaks. Outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease have recently received considerable media attention, and some factors indicate that the problem will increase in future. Infection with Legionella spp. ranks among the three most common causes of severe pneumonia in the community setting, and is isolated in 1-40% of cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Underdiagnosis and underreporting are high. Only 2-10% of estimated cases are reported. Detection of a single case should not be considered an isolated sporadic event, but rather indicative of unrecognized cases. There are no clinical features unique to Legionnaires' disease; however, suspicion should be raised by epidemiologic information commensurate with the diagnosis and the presence of headache, confusion, hyponatremia, elevated creatine kinase and/or severe pneumonia. An arterial oxygen partial pressure <60mm Hg on presentation and progression of pulmonary infiltrates despite appropriate antibacterial therapy should always alert clinicians to this cause.Macrolides, fluoroquinolones and rifampin (rifampicin) are the most widely used drugs in treatment. Fluoroquinolones or azithromycin are the treatment of choice in immunosuppressed patients and those with severe pneumonia. Incorporation of the legionella urinary antigen test in emergency departments in hospitals and progressive improvement in this test will, in the near future, permit appropriate diagnosis and treatment of this frequent, sometimes severe, illness.
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PMID:Legionnaires' disease: update on epidemiology and management options. 1472 5

Legionnaires' disease is an infectious disease under the internationally approved surveillance agreed by members of European Working Group on Legionella Infections EWGLI. Data over 12,000 cases of legionnaires' disease from 28 countries are included in European data set for years 1993-2000. The overall incidence rate for Europe in 2000 was evaluated as 5,4 cases per million population. The cases was registered as community-acquired, nosocomial or travel often foreign travel associated. Most 2,799 (70.7%) of the cases in 1999-2001 were confirmed by detection of Legionella antigens in urine of patients or by serological findings 205 (18.1%); in them seroconversion was found in 9.5% and high titer in single serum specimen in 8.6% of cases. Culture proven were only 109 (9.6%) cases, and 1.6% of cases by other methods, PCR included. In Poland in 1997 the laboratory examination of samples for diagnosis of Legionella infections started in National Institute of Hygiene. In 2001-2002 the 290 samples were examined. Five cases were laboratory confirmed, but the results of 16 specimen examined was only presumptive positive and for 8 samples equivocal. In comparison with other european countries the number of examined samples is still much to small to find legionnaires' disease cases. The minimum 220 cases by year may be expected in Poland. To find such number the examination of antigenuria should be performed in patients with pneumonia hospitalised in intensive care units because of acute respiratory insufficiency.
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PMID:[Legionellosis in Poland in 2001-2002 and epidemiological situation in Europe]. 1502 34

We describe two splenectomized patients admitted with pneumonia. The course in one was complicated by overwhelming multiorgan failure when the only indicative laboratory result was seropositivity for Legionella hackeliae and Legionella longbeachae. He was initially treated with ceftriaxone and roxithromycin, followed by levofloxacin as well as intensive supportive treatment, and survived. The second patient was seroreactive for Legionella micdadei. In some cases of pneumonia in splenectomized patients tentatively considered to be caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, the causative agent might have, in fact, been Legionella. We suggest that splenectomy be considered a possible predisposing factor for Legionella pneumonia. Since prompt diagnosis of Legionella infection, especially the non- pneumophila species, is extremely difficult, alertness to this diagnostic option and early empirical initiation of appropriate aggressive antibiotic treatment may be of critical importance.
Infection 2004 Jun
PMID:Legionella in two splenectomized patients. Coincidence or causal relationship? 1518 80

The object of our study was to determine the proportion of atypical respiratory pathogens among patients hospitalized with a community-acquired respiratory infection. From September 1997 to May 1999, 159 patients (57% male, median age 55, range 1-88 y) admitted to 3 regional hospitals for a community acquired respiratory infection, were enrolled in the study. Microbiological diagnosis for the atypical pathogens Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila was performed with PCR on a throat swab, sputum and/or broncho alveolar lavage (BAL). In addition, Legionella species other than L. pneumophila (L. non-pneumophila species) were detected by PCR. Two serum samples were collected and processed for M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae serology. In total, 27 patients (17%) were diagnosed with an atypical pathogen. Infection with M. pneumoniae was detected in 19 patients (12%) (PCR positive n = 7), with C. pneumoniae in 5 patients (3%) (PCR positive n = 0) and with L. pneumophila in 4 patients (2.5%) (PCR positive n = 4). In 54 (34%) patients routine microbiological investigations revealed aetiological agents other than the 3 atypical pathogens, the most frequently diagnosed pathogens being Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 18), Haemophilus influenzae (n = 17), Gram-negative rods (n = 13), Moraxella catarrhalis (n = 6) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 6). More than 1 pathogen was found in 13 patients. Atypical pathogens were found more often in the young age group (0-18 y), in contrast to bacterial pathogens that were found more often in the older age groups (> or = 65 y). Atypical pathogens were found less often in patients with a clinical presentation of atypical pneumonia. Legionella species other than L. pneumophila were found by PCR in 13 patients (8%), and in 6 patients in combination with another pathogen. An atypical pathogen (M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae or L. pneumophila) was found in 17% of the patients hospitalized with a community acquired respiratory infection, predominantly in the young age group. The role of Legionella non-pneumophila species as pathogen in community acquired respiratory infection needs to be determined. The clinical presentation does not predict the type of pathogen found.
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PMID:Diagnosis of atypical pathogens in patients hospitalized with community-acquired respiratory infection. 1519 83

A mixed infection by Legionella pneumophila and a nonpneumophila Legionella species was detected in a lung biopsy specimen obtained from a patient with atypical pneumonia by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). This result was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing of PCR products confirmed mixed infection by L. pneumophila and L. gormanii. Culture for Legionella spp. was negative and serology showed a rise only in IgG anti- Legionella pneumophila titer. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mixed infection by L. pneumophila and a non-pneumophila Legionella species detected by FISH. Because FISH is a rapid and culture independent method that detects specific microorganisms in biopsy specimens it is recommended, in particular, for the detection of fastidious bacteria.
Infection 2004 Aug
PMID:Mixed lung infection by Legionella pneumophila and Legionella gormanii detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization. 1529 82


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