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Query: UMLS:C0023241 (Legionella)
 6,990 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two patients with Legionella pneumophila infection (serogroup 1) associated with a reactivated cytomegalovirus infection are described. Predisposing underlying factors were not evident.
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PMID:Legionella pneumophila pneumonia associated with reactivation of cytomegalovirus infection. 300 Sep 47

Paired serum samples were collected from 94 children with pneumonia admitted to Goroka Hospital, Papua New Guinea. All but three of the children were aged 1-24 months. Only nine children were malnourished, with weight for age less than 70% of the Harvard median (three had weight for age less than 60% of the Harvard median). Pneumocystis carinii antigen was detected in the serum of 23 children. Twenty two children had serological evidence of recent infection with respiratory syncytial virus. Five children were probably infected with Chlamydia trachomatis at the time of the study, and there was less convincing serological evidence of current infection in a further 11 children. Five children showed a fourfold rise in antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Although only one child showed a fourfold rise in antibody to cytomegalovirus, 86 children had this antibody. No child showed a fourfold rise in antibody to Ureaplasma urealyticum or Legionella pneumophila. P carinii, respiratory syncytial virus, C trachomatis, M pneumoniae, and cytomegalovirus may be important causes of pneumonia in children in developing countries.
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PMID:Pneumonia associated with infection with pneumocystis, respiratory syncytial virus, chlamydia, mycoplasma, and cytomegalovirus in children in Papua New Guinea. 300 38

In a kidney-transplant patient, there was superinfection of the lungs by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophilia with multiple necroses in the course of a primary cytomegalovirus infection. In a later phase of the disease, there was an opportunistic colonization of the necrotic cavities and the adjacent lung tissue by Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. The cytomegalovirus infection led to a pronounced cellular immunosuppression in the patient. This favored superinfections by bacteria and fungi. A poor nutritional state and a chronic lung disease are to be considered as predisposing risk factors.
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PMID:[Cytomegalovirus-associated superinfection of the lung following kidney transplantation]. 302 68

In this review of the risk of infection to hospital staff, attention is drawn to the continuing risk presented by hepatitis B and pulmonary tuberculosis, which are more common than diseases such as typhoid fever, brucellosis, histoplasmosis, whooping cough, infectious gastroenteritis, measles, and parotiditis. Other items considered include the susceptibility of female hospital staff to rubella and the importance of their undergoing screening and vaccination; the risks currently presented by epidemic keratoconjunctivitis and by herpes viruses (herpes simplex, varicella zoster, and cytomegalovirus); and the risk of contracting the new infectious diseases (Legionnaires' disease, Marburg disease, Lassa fever, and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome).
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PMID:Occupational hazards in hospitals: risk of infection. 330 95

Fourteen open lung biopsies were done in 13 patients out of a total of 63 heart transplant recipients. All of the patients were receiving cyclosporine and azathioprine (Imuran) and had received prophylactic antithymocyte globulin or murine antihuman mature T cell (OKT3). Eight of the patients were receiving steroids, and five of the patients had been weaned off steroids. A fever of greater than 38.5 degrees C was present in all 13 patients. Hypoxia, defined as PO2 less than 60 on room air, was present in 11 of the 13 patients. One patient had to be intubated before surgery for respiratory failure. The chest x-ray film most often revealed bilateral interstitial infiltrates. The operative approach was by a small anterior thoracotomy in 12 patients and a posterolateral thoracotomy in two patients. A definitive diagnosis was made in 11 of the 14 open lung biopsies: three patients had Legionella, one had cytomegalovirus (CMV), one had a Pseudomonas infection, three had Pneumocystis, one patient had CMV and Pneumocystis, one patient had a pulmonary infarct, and one patient had a pulmonary infarct and CMV. Specific therapy was instituted in all these patients. In the three patients in whom no specific diagnosis was made, therapy was also changed and the use of antibiotics discontinued. There was no mortality in this group. Morbidity was minimal. No patient had excessive bleeding, and none of the patients required the transfusion of blood or blood products. Three patients required mechanical ventilatory support for longer than 24 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Early, aggressive open lung biopsy in heart transplant recipients. 330 35

Host defense mechanisms spaced along the respiratory tree and in the alveolar spaces effectively remove or contend with micro-organisms that enter the airways, so serious lung infections occur rarely in healthy people. Special circumstances, such as virgin exposure to a virulent microbe or a large innoculum of a pathogen, can result in illness, but usually routine surveillance host defenses are protective and suffice to keep colonizing airway flora in check. When pneumonia develops or recurrent sinopulmonary infection exists, however, some element of the normal defense apparatus may have failed or is inadequate. This review highlights several components of the apparatus, that is immunoglobulins IgG and IgA and the interaction of alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes, and examines deficiencies in their function that may result in infection. Along the conducting airways, poor mucociliary clearance and/or deficiencies in certain IgG subclass antibodies or destruction of IgA may predispose to sinopulmonary infections; these may be a manifestation of a hereditary disease. In pneumonia the alveolar macrophage is positioned as the central cell which must respond in several directions. This scavenger phagocyte first intercepts the microbe and either can kill or contain it or must call in some other phagocytic cell or inflammatory mediator(s) for assistance. Opsonic antibodies (IgG) and other nonimmune opsonins (complement and surfactant or fibronectin fragments) facilitate phagocytosis, but an absence of antibody may permit infection to develop with encapsulated bacteria (pneumococcus). Insufficient bone marrow reserves of PMNs or a paucity of chemotactic factors to attract them into the alveoli is a situation that may permit gram-negative bacilli and fungal organisms to flourish. Inability of immune T-lymphocytes to energize macrophages, through soluble cellular mediators that provide cell-mediated immunity and activation, makes containment of certain intracellular microbes impossible for these phagocytes (Legionella or mycobacteria). Likewise, concomitant infection of macrophages with viruses (human immunodeficiency virus, and cytomegalovirus or herpes viruses) plus an excessive T-lymphocyte suppressor cell influence may make P. carinii and common bacterial and fungal organisms difficult to contain in the lungs of AIDS patients. Consideration about what the lung host deficiency might be can make therapy more specific through immunization to develop special antibodies, replacement of certain immunoglobulins (IgG subclasses), or selective administration of cell mediators (gamma-interferon or interleukins).
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PMID:Host defense impairments that may lead to respiratory infections. 331 80

The primary manifestation of the immunodeficiencies is undue susceptibility to infection. This means too many, too severe, too prolonged, too complicated and too unusual infections. Infections in immunodeficiency have a characteristic cause depending on the nature of the immune deficiency. Antibody deficiencies are associated with infections with gram-positive infections. Cellular immune deficiencies are associated with mycobacterial, protozoan, fungus, virus, and opportunistic bacterial infection. Phagocytic disorders are associated with staphylococcal, fungal, and gram-negative organisms. Complement disorders are associated by neisserial infections. Infections have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of some immunodeficiencies in some circumstances. These include human T lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Several infectious syndromes in specific immunodeficiencies have been identified. Examples include enteric cytopathic human orphan (ECHO) virus encephalitis in agammaglobulinemia, and meningococcal meningitis in C6 deficiency. Infections can also be induced by live vaccines given in immunodeficiency (e.g., paralytic polio in agammaglobulinemia.) Unusual infectious syndromes will be illustrated including parainfluenza infection in severe combined and immunodeficiency, Legionella pneumonia in chronic granulomatous disease, and Cryptosporidium infection in hyper-IgM immunodeficiency.
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PMID:Infectious complications of the primary immunodeficiencies. 352 71

The rate of infectious complications differed significantly in two groups of heart transplant recipients who received different immunosuppressive regimens. Compared with patients who received conventional immunosuppression, patients treated with cyclosporine had a lower rate of infectious complications, and the contribution of infection to observed mortality was lower. Herpes simplex virus caused less morbidity and there were fewer active cytomegalovirus infections in seropositive recipients treated with cyclosporine. The incidence of bacterial pulmonary infections and associated bacteremia also decreased impressively. A decrease in nocardial infections was offset by a rise in those due to Legionella species. The frequency of aspergillosis was decreased by 54% in the cyclosporine-treated group, but half of these infections disseminated beyond the lung and such dissemination was always fatal. Infections with Pneumocystis carinii were significantly less common with cyclosporine-based immunosuppression. Screening serologic tests for toxoplasma should be done routinely and consideration given to prophylaxis in heart transplant recipients at high risk.
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PMID:Infectious complications in heart transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine and corticosteroids. 354 23

The agents causing pneumonia have been assessed in 112 adult patients admitted to the Armed Forces Hospital in Riyadh during a period of one year: pathogens were identified in 78 patients (69.6%). Sputum culture produced a significant isolate in 60 patients (53.5%), and in 17 (15.2%) the causative agent was suggested by serological tests. Streptococcus pneumonia was the commonest infecting agent (21.4%). Pneumonia due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis was diagnosed in eight patients, to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in seven, to Chlamydia psittaci in two and to Legionella pneumophila in one. Three renal transplant patients had pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus, cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis carinii respectively, the latter diagnosed by lung biopsy. Two patients with acute Brucella melitensis infections developed pneumonia. In 34 patients (30.4%) the causative organism was not identified. Most of the epidemiological and aetiological factors studied in this survey are inconsistent with previous reports on pneumonia from western countries. For example, the commonest age group affected was younger than in western series. Tuberculous and brucella pneumonia, not commonly seen in western countries, are diagnoses to be considered in Saudi Arabia.
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PMID:The spectrum of pneumonia in 1983 at the Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital. 381 56

Fourteen patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or suspected AIDS underwent percutaneous needle lung aspiration (PNLA) for evaluation of 16 occurrences of acute pneumonitis. A 22-gauge spinal needle was passed 2 to 3 times in the area of greatest radiographic involvement under fluoroscopic guidance. The specimen was immediately placed on microscope slides for Gomori's methenamine silver and Papanicolaou staining. The needle was then flushed with sterile water for bacterial, Legionella, viral, mycobacterial, and fungal cultures, and for Legionella immunofluorescent staining. Diagnostic information was provided by 14 of the 16 procedures. Of 11 patients ultimately found to have P. carinii pneumonitis, PNLA specimens were diagnostic in 10 (91%). Infectious agents other than P. carinii also were identified by PNLA, including cytomegalovirus (4 cases), M. avium-intracellulare (1 case), and pyogenic bacteria (3 cases). Complications of PNLA were: pneumothorax in 7 cases (44%), 3 (19%) of which required chest tube evacuation; and minor hemoptysis (less than 50 ml) in 2. The PNLA can be a useful diagnostic procedure in the patient with AIDS and pneumonitis. It has the advantages of being less costly and time-consuming than fiberoptic bronchoscopy. It is, however, frequently complicated by pneumothorax, making it an inappropriate approach for patients with significant respiratory compromise.
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PMID:Percutaneous needle lung aspiration for diagnosing pneumonitis in the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 387 89


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