Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0023241 (Legionella)
 6,990 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cost and effectiveness of examinations (sputum staining and culturing, antitest determination for Influenza A and B, RSV, Adenovirus, Chlamydia psittaci and pneumoniae, Coxiella burnetii, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila, and determination for Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen) performed to explore the aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in the case of 258 hospitalised patients were analysed. The aetiology could be determined in 44.2% of the cases. On the basis of prevailing prices in 1986-88 one pneumonia case with determinable aetiology costs 8111 Forint. The authors have come to the conclusion that in the present epidemiological situation in this country it is not worthwhile to look for so-called non-bacterial microorganisms routinely, because of their rarely occurrence (16.7%) the cost per one positive finding is unrealistically high. Comparing the cost and the practical use the examinations applied the rational choice seems to be to culture the sputum with deep airway origin and to determine the Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen routinely. In the case of suspicion of non-bacterial origin to perform complement fixation test for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and in a severe clinical state to culture the blood is recommended.
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PMID:[Rational means of the determination of costs and etiological diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia]. 160 6

The role of viruses and atypical organisms in pneumonia is well known in western populations, yet very little documentation is available about their role in pneumonia in developing countries. In a study of 175 adults with community-acquired pneumonia in Papua New Guinea, serological methods were used to assess this issue. Five patients had high influenza A titres suggestive of recent infection. Adenovirus titres rose significantly in one patient with Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia, whilst no evidence of past or recent infection was found in the remainder of patients when tested for all pathogens. Bacterial cultures revealed the continued predominance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of pneumonia in this population. We conclude that viruses and atypical organisms (including Mycoplasma and Legionella) play a very limited role in this setting.
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PMID:The role of viruses and atypical organisms in the pathogenesis of adult pneumonia in Papua New Guinea. 205 97

In the course of respiratory infections, the efficacy of microbiologic diagnosis has increased years after years, in term of specificity, sensitivity and rapidity. New pathogenic agents have been described such as: Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Hantavirus. Some viruses have been well characterized as responsible for seasonal outbreaks using rapid tools for identification. Needs for efficient diagnostic tools became more obvious when specific antiviral drugs appeared on the market. So technologic developments improved the efficacy of microbiologic diagnosis and anticipate a better specificity as well as sensitivity with the help of molecular biology. Respiratory syncytial virus is one of the major infectious agents found in respiratory infections in young children and newborns. On the whole it was detected in more than one third of pediatric nasopharyngeal aspirations received in our laboratory and more than 50% during the peak of the winter epidemics. The method of direct antigen detection by immunofluorescence with the help of monoclonal antibodies allowed us to establish an incidence curve of these recurrent outbreaks, beginning in December to stop usually by the end of April. During this same period, influenza A virus, seldom influenza B virus, were detected in many nasopharyngeal specimens. Other viruses, parainfluenza 1 to 3 and Adenovirus, were irregularly detected all along the year. In the great majority of nasopharyngeal aspirations with a positive virus detection, one virus only was observed. Antigen detection methods were also developed for some bacteria such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila. Although serology is not frequently used by pediatricians, it is still necessary for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections. A direct antigen detection test is now available, but its sensitivity needs to be evaluated. On the other hand serologic diagnosis may be extremely useful when long lasting or treatment resistant respiratory infections occur. Seroconversion or four-fold increasing titers to one pathogen may be observed when a second serum sample is tested together with the first serum of this patient. The diagnostic yield will be all the more efficient that time between both samples is long. Molecular biology techniques will significantly change the way to investigate an infection. Presently these methods are used in research laboratories, but automated technologies will facilitate routine laboratory workload. Screening methods using multiplex PCR are also promising.
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PMID:[Serological diagnosis and nasopharyngeal washings in pediatric infections]. 1102 83

Acute respiratory tract infection is a leading cause of hospital admission of children. This study used a broad capture, rapid and sensitive method (multiplex PCR assay) to detect 20 different respiratory pathogens including influenza A subtypes H1, H3, and H5; influenza B; parainfluenza types 1, 2, 3, and 4; respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) groups A and B; adenoviruses; human rhinoviruses; enteroviruses; human metapneumoviruses; human coronaviruses OC43, 229E, and SARS-CoV; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Legionella pneumophila; and Mycoplasma pneumoniae; from respiratory specimens of 475 children hospitalized over a 12-month period for acute respiratory tract infections. The overall positive rate (47%) was about twice higher than previous reports based on conventional methods. Influenza A, parainfluenza and RSV accounted for 51%, and non-cultivable viruses accounted for 30% of positive cases. Influenza A peaked at March and June. Influenza B was detected in January, February, and April. Parainfluenza was prevalent throughout the year except from April to June. Most RSV infections were found between February and September. Adenovirus had multiple peaks, whereas rhinovirus and coronavirus OC43 were detected mainly in winter and early spring. RSV infection was associated with bronchiolitis, and parainfluenza was associated with croup; otherwise the clinical manifestations were largely nonspecific. In general, children infected with influenza A, adenovirus and mixed viruses had higher temperatures. In view of the increasing concern about unexpected outbreaks of severe viral infections, a rapid multiplex PCR assay is a valuable tool to enhance the management of hospitalized patients, and for the surveillance for viral infections circulating in the community.
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PMID:Identification of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens in children hospitalized with acute respiratory infections in Hong Kong by multiplex PCR assays. 1903 43

Laboratory-based surveillance for diarrheal and respiratory illness was conducted at the 2009 Republic of the Philippines-United States Balikatan exercise to determine the presence of specific pathogens endemic in the locations where the military exercises were conducted. Ten stool and 6 respiratory specimens were obtained from individuals meeting case definitions for diarrhea or respiratory illness. Stool specimens were frozen in dry ice and remotely tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Rotavirus, Astrovirus, Adenovirus, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium and polymerase chain reaction for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Shigella, Vibrio, Salmonella, and Norovirus. Eight (4 for Campylobacter jejuni, 2 for Campylobacter coli, 1 for Norovirus genogroup II, and 1 for both Campylobacter coli and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli) of 10 samples were positive for at least 1 enteric pathogen. MassTag polymerase chain reaction for influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus groups A and B, human coronavirus-229E and human coronavirus-OC43, human metapneumovirus, enterovirus, human parainfluenza viruses 2,3, and 4a, human adenovirus, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Legionella pneumonia, and Mycoplasma pneumonia was done on respiratory specimens. Out of 6 samples, 3 tested positive for H. influenzae; 1 tested positive for both H. influenzae and human parainfluenza virus 3; and 2 tested negative. Laboratory-based surveillance can be useful in determining etiologies of diarrheal and respiratory illness of deployed military personnel.
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PMID:Applications of PCR (real-time and MassTag) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in diagnosis of respiratory infections and diarrheal illness among deployed U.S. military personnel during exercise Balikatan 2009, Philippines. 2212 41