Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022716 (Menkes)
 1,057 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We present 64Cu uptake studies in cultured muscle cells from a one-year-old patient with Menkes' disease. The cultured muscle cells from the patient showed a five-fold higher 64Cu uptake than control muscle cells. Copper uptake in muscle cells was of the same magnitude as that found in fibroblasts from the patient and also from other Menkes' patients. The copper content of a muscle biopsy from the patient was twice that of a control biopsy. The enhanced uptake is probably copper specific, since zinc uptake was unaltered in both muscle cells and fibroblasts from the patient. Cytochrome c oxidase in the muscle of the patient was reduced to one-third of the value for controls, which is in agreement with the hypothesis that in Menkes' disease copper accumulates in a biologically non-active form. However, in cultured muscle cells and fibroblasts from the patient the cytochrome c oxidase activity was in the normal range, probably because of the relatively large amount of copper already available in the culture medium.
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PMID:Muscle cell cultures in Menkes' disease: copper accumulation in myotubes. 216 83

Brain mitochondrial enzyme activities were examined in 15-day-old suckling mice which were daily injected with D-penicillamine (DP), a chelating agent of copper. Newborn mice treated with DP (1 g/kg/day) showed retarded weight gain, hyperelasticity of skin, and a bizarre forelimb posture with subcutaneous edema on experimental day (ED) 7. Paraparesis or dragging of the hindlimbs was observed by ED 15. Brain copper contents of DP-treated mice decreased to 34% of the controls of ED 15. Cytochrome c oxidase activity (complex IV) in the brain showed 51% decrease of the controls, on the contrary, rotenone-sensitive NADH cytochrome c reductase (complex I + III) and succinate cytochrome c reductase (complex II + III) were normal. Histochemistry of cytochrome c oxidase in the cerebellum of DP-treated mice disclosed diffuse reduction of staining, especially in Purkinje cells. These data show that DP-induced copper deficiency in the brain subsequently disturbs mitochondrial electron transport system, selectively cytochrome c oxidase activity. This seems to be a useful animal model not only for Menkes' kinky hair disease but also for mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.
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PMID:D-penicillamine-induced copper deficiency in suckling mice: neurological abnormalities and brain mitochondrial enzyme activities. 217 57

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is a complex enzyme composed of 13 subunits, three of which are encoded by the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The other 10 subunits are encoded by the nuclear DNA, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and transported into the mitochondria. The complexity of the enzyme and its dual genetic control explain the heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes associated with COX deficiency. There are two major syndromes, one characterized by muscle involvement (fatal infantile or benign infantile myopathy), the other dominated by brain disease (Leigh syndrome, myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers, Menkes' disease). Partial defects of COX have been shown in muscle of patients with progressive external ophthalmoplegia, either alone (ocular myopathy) or as part of Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Biochemical studies have documented either muscle-specific or generalized defects of COX; COX deficiency is reversible in the benign infantile myopathy. Immunologically detectable protein may be normal (benign myopathy) or variably decreased (fatal myopathy, Leigh syndrome). The subunit pattern of COX is normal by immunoblot in patients with fatal myopathy and Leigh syndrome; a disproportionate decrease of subunit II was seen in a patient with myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers. Availability of the three mtDNA genes and of complementary DNA probes for eight of the 10 nuclear DNA-encoded subunits makes it possible to investigate the different diseases at the molecular level. Large deletions of mtDNA have been found in patients with ocular myopathy and Kearns-Sayre syndrome: the deleted mtDNA appear to be transcribed but not translated, thus explaining the partial COX deficiency.
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PMID:Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. 217 26

The macular mottled mouse is a murine model of the kinky hair syndrome, characterized by a deficiency in copper transport. Cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), a respiratory enzyme, is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and consists of seven subunits, along with copper and iron. Biochemical and histochemical findings indicated that CCO activity was decreased in the cerebellum of the macular mottled mice but not in that of the controls. Immunocytochemical analysis, using anti-CCO and anti-complex III rabbit sera, revealed that CCO in the macular mottled mice was stained more weakly than that in the controls. Immuno-electron microscopic examination of CCO and complex III, using a method of gold labeling, was also performed. In the control mice, a high concentration of gold particles present over CCO and complex III could be seen in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The number of CCO-labeled gold particles was remarkably less, however, in the macular mottled mice, while no significant difference was found in the labeling of complex III between the two groups. It may be concluded that the very low CCO enzyme content in the macular mottled mouse results not only from a copper transport disorder but also from a CCO protein synthesis disorder which impairs the localization of CCO protein in the cerebellum.
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PMID:Decreased activity of cytochrome c oxidase in the macular mottled mouse: an immuno-electron microscopic study. 254 95

In a 4-year-old male with Menkes kinky hair disease (MKHD) treated with copper supplement therapy, reduced cytochrome a + a3 contents in liver was demonstrated to be 0.029 against 0.128 nmol/mg protein in the control. Cytochrome c oxidase activities in brain, liver, skeletal muscle, and heart were 47, 22, 54 and 59% of the control, respectively. The copper contents in brain and liver were decreased. In spite of increased serum levels of copper and ceruloplasmin, the decreased cytochrome c oxidase activities in various organs were not corrected by copper supplement therapy. A search for a therapeutic method which can normalize copper enzymes in brain and liver, would seem to be a prerequisite for the treatment of MKHD.
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PMID:Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency in Menkes kinky hair disease. 632 7