Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022672 (acute tubular necrosis)
 2,175 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The excretion of the enzyme gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and its isoenzymes into the urine was investigated in patients with renal diseases and compared with the excretion of the enzymes leucine-aminopeptidase and lactate-dehydrogenase. In animal experiments an increased excretion of these enzymes was found after autotransplantation. Increased excretion of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase was also found in patients with glomerulonephritis and in the polyuric phase of acute tubular necrosis, but not in cases of pyelonephritis and in the oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis. The alterations of the isoenzyme pattern during diseases with increased enzyme excretion are in accordance with the hypothesis that the enzymes are liberated from the kidney tissue into the urine, and only a minority stems from the blood. Investigation of the excretion of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase and its isoenzymes into the urine seems to be of both scientific and clinical interest.
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PMID:Investigations of the excretion of gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase into the urine. 0 55

The effect of intravenously administered distilled water was examined alone and during alkalization in a patient with gross hematuria associated with the sickle cell trait. On each of 4 occasions hematuria ceased promptly after the infusion of distilled water. Bicarbonate therapy also consistently decreased hematuria. In vitro studies on erythrocytes from another patient with sickle cell trait and hematuria demonstrated that slight increases in urinary pH similar to those that occur in the urine during alkalization can reverse or prevent erythrocyte sickling in the sicle cell trait. If patients with the sickle cell trait are hydrated adequately and have a good rate of urine flow distilled water can be given intravenously with virtually no danger of acute tubular necrosis secondary to erythrocyte hemolysis.
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PMID:The effect of bicarbonate and distilled water on sickle cell trait hematuria and in vitro studies on the interaction of osmolality and pH on erythrocyte sickling in sickle cell trait. 2 9

Lymphocytes from patients with neoplastic disease were tested for sensitization to encephalitogenic factor (EF) by the macrophage migration inhibition test. Sensitization to EF was demonstrated in 71% of patients with various forms of neoplastic disease. Sensitization to EF was also demonstrated for 31% of subjects with no evidence of neoplastic disease; these included patients with warts, chronic bronchitis and hernias. In contrast, healthy subjects showed no sensitization to myelin basic protein. These observations suggest that sensitization to EF may not be confined to patients with neoplastic disease. Lymphocytes from hamsters bearing a transplanted virus induced tumour were sensitized to EF prepared from both human and hamster brain. Sensitization was also seen in hamsters infected with influenza virus but not in animals with acute tubular necrosis produced by glycerol treatment. The development of an animal model system provides a method for the investigation of possible mechanisms of sensitization.
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PMID:Cellular immunity to myelin basic protein in man and in animal model systems as measured by the macrophage migration inhibition test. 5 Aug 55

Acute renal failure or its equivalent, acute tubular necrosis, was induced in rhesus monkeys by a combination of dehydration, hemorrhagic hypovolemia, and packed cell transfusion. Clinicopathologic changes were studied at different time intervals. Increasing edematous swelling and disintegration of the epithelial cells in the convoluted tubules, thick loops of Henle, and collecting tubules during the first four hours were conspicuous. As a result, intratubular cellular detritus, red blood cells, and various types of casts were increased progressively between one and four hours, and decreased thereafter. As the time progressed, edema was subsiding but the absorption granules and fat droplets were increased in size and number from one to twenty-four hours. These findings would indicate widespread cellular degeneration and necrosis. Consequently, tubular integrity was impaired leading to necrosis, denuded tubular basement membranes, and occasional tubulorrhexis. Concurrently, some dilated peritubular or interstitial capillaries were ruptured releasing red blood cells and cellular debris, which eventually were picked up by the damaged tubules. Although the regeneration of the renal parenchyma was in progress after sixteen hours, groups of subcapsular tubules were dilated showing flattened epithelial cells. The glomerular capillaries were either dilated or engorged, empty or collapsed during the experiment. Bowman's spaces contained red blood cells and varying amounts of cellular debris. Although the clinicopathologic changes reported here may be attributed to one or more of the following factors, hypoxia, toxic effects and dehydration, most of the changes were apparently due to hypoxia.
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PMID:Experimental acute renal failure in primates. Clinical and histopathologic evaluation in light and electron microscopy. 10 71

Three urinary lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase (beta-Gluc), beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), were measured in twenty-one renal allograft recipients to evaluate their role in the diagnosis and prediction of rejection episodes, and in the prediction of eventual graft outcome. A fluorometric assay using methylumbelliferone substrates was used to measure the three enzymes in morning urine samples and enzyme activity was defined in terms of urine creatinine concentration. Urinary NAG levels increased significantly in 13/16 first rejection episodes and 4/4 instances of acute tubular necrosis and graft infarction. In 5 of the 16 first rejection episodes the NAG was predictive of the rejection. NAG was not useful in diagnosing second or subsequent rejections and beta-Gluc and beta-Gal were of little value in assessing any component of renal transplant pathology. As a prognostic index of eventual graft outcome, the peak urinary NAG was particularly encouraging. It correlated strongly with deterioration in graft function as time passed such that only 2/10 patients with peak NAG greater than 1400 Units had normal serum creatinines at 6 months post transplantation. Conversely 4/4 patients with peak NAG levels less than 700 Units had normal serum creatinine at that time. In our series the measurement of urinary NAG was a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of first rejections but appears to be more valuable in predicting graft outcome.
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PMID:Urinary lysosomal enzyme excretion after renal allotransplantation. 10 10

The relative merits of the automated, fluorimetric assay of urinary enzymes and cell exfoliation were compared with other commonly used tests for renal damage. Two types of nephrotoxic agent were used, causing crystal nephropathy and acute tubular necrosis respectively. Groups of marmosets were given one of two drugs known to cause crystal nephropathy. One agent caused intermittent increases in urinary enzyme excretion and an early increase in cell excretion which was not sustained. The second agent in contrast caused elevated cell and enzyme excretion, increasing throughout the period of administration. A nephrotoxic anti-tumour agent also caused increases in cell and enzyme excretion when given to marmosets. The early changes produced by this agent were studied using catheterised rats. Hourly samples of urine were collected and urinary beta-glycosidase excretion was found to give an early indication of renal damage, which correlated with albuminuria and glycosuria. The fluorimetric assay of urinary enzymes provides a sensitive, non-invasive test of nephrotoxicity.
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PMID:Urinary enzyme assays in toxicological studies in the rat and marmoset. 10 49

The toxic effects of imidocarb diproprionate (3,3'-bis [2 imidazolin-2yl]-carbanilde diproprionate) were evaluated in adult goats given (intramuscular injection) a lethal dose (6.75 mg/kg). The immediate clinical signs of toxicosis were transient excessive salivation and diarrhea. Anorexia, dyspnea, recumbency, and death occurred between postinjection days (PID) 4 and 8, during which time 7 goats died and 4 moribund goats were euthanatized. There were marked increases in mean serum urea nitrogen concentration and significant increases in serum glutamic oxalacetic transminase activity and in the mean number of circulating neutrophils after PID 4. Renal hyperemia and enlargement were evident by PID1. Serosanguineous fluid in the trachea and major bronchi, pulmonary congestion and edema, hydrothorax, hydroperitoneum, and less frequently hydropericardium were observed on and after day 4. Microscopic renal tubular lesions rapidly progressed from pyknotic epithelial nuclei observed at 6 and 12 hours to acute tubular necrosis of epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules on days 1 and 2. Pulmonary congestion and edema; hemorrhage into alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi; and intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles within the hepatocytes in the periacinar zones of the hepatic lobules were observed on or after day 4. Succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase activities decreased progressively in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. The decreases in cellular enzymatic activity occurred shortly after the appearance of microscopic lesions in the tubular epithelium.
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PMID:Clinical, histologic, and histochemical study of imidocarb diproprionate toxicosis in goats. 13 83

A renal transplant patient in whom acute pancreatitis developed 2 1/2 years after surgery is presented. Pancreatisis was accompanied by hyperlipaemia, diabetes mellitus and acute renal failure possibly due to acute tubular necrosis. Pancreatic abscesses necessitated subtotal pancreatectomy 2 months later. Because of generalized tuberculosis finally the patient succumbed 6 weeks thereafter. As aetiological factors cytomegalovirus disease, disorders in lipid metabolism and immunosuppressive therapy must be discussed. It is concluded that prophylactic measures as well as early diagnosis, intensive care and therapy are necessary for reducing the high risks of pancreatis in renal transplant recipients.
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PMID:[Pancreatitis after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. 20 57

The effect of transient renal ischemia on renal concentration and distribution of 99mTc-HEDP, 99mTc-DMSA, and 99mTc-DTPA was compared in rabbits with acute tubular necrosis. Scintigrams were obtained after injection in normal rabbits or ones with unilateral or bilateral ischemia. 99mTc-HEDP concentration in ischemic tissue was 8 to 18 times normal 1--4 hours after injection, and the resulting images delineated the morphological changes in the ischemic kidneys more accurately than those obtained with DMSA or DTPA. Calcium concentration in the ischemic kidneys increased sixfold. 99mTc-HEDP may be useful in evaluation of renal failure secondary to tubular injury.
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PMID:Renal hyperconcentration of 99mTc-HEDP in experimental acute tubular necrosis. 22 Jun 70

Serial dynamic studies with 99mTc-DTPA are a useful method of monitoring renal transplants. Radionuclide images obtained within 24 hours after surgery and at regular intervals thereafter can identify pathological conditions. The decline or absence of perfusion, coupled with the elapsed time following surgery, can be used to differentiate vascular occlusion or hyperacute rejection from acute rejection, acute tubular necrosis, or accelerated or chronic rejection. 99mTc-pyrophosphate can be used to simultaneously evaluate transplant function and locate possible aseptic necrosis of bone. Both studies are noninvasive and have been performed safely on numerous occasions over a period of several years.
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PMID:The temporal and pathological significance of perfusion failure following renal transplantation. 23 48


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