Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rapid diagnosis of viral diseases of the outer eye was attempted by means of immunohistochemical methods. Specimens were obtained with a nitrocellulose membrane, used as a blotter of immunoblotting test. An impression of the corneal or conjunctival surface was obtained by anesthetizing the eye and lightly pressing the membrane against the tissues. In some cases, scraping materials were taken on a slide glass. Viral antigens in the specimens were detected by peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method, ABC system (Vectastain), or immunofluorescence. Four common diseases were studied. Dendritic corneal lesions caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) were impressed on the membrane, and exhibited exact duplicates of lesions which were composed of PAP-positive epithelial cells. Under a high magnification, pathologic changes such as margination of chromatin, intranuclear inclusion bodies, and multinucleated giant cells were observed. Of 27 cases of epithelial herpetic keratitis, 25 showed positive results. The impression can permit examination of a minute lesion, therefore, is superior to scraping. Dendritic lesions caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) have a characteristic morphology different from those of HSV. Impressions showed the virus antigen, when treated with fluorescein-labeled anti-VZV monoclonal antibody. Appearance of such a dendrite in disorders of unknown cause indicates the etiology. Conjunctival impressions of adenovirus (Adv) conjunctivitis examined by the PAP method revealed Adv-antigen containing cells. Of 64 cases analyzed, 24 PAP-positive cases were compared with the 35 culture-proven cases. The sensitivity of PAP method was 69%, and the specificity was 97%. The detection rate varied according to serotype, and was especially low (33%) in type 3. Guinea pig antisera with high titers against enterovirus type 70 (EV70) and a variant of coxsackievirus A type 24 (CA24v), the causative viruses of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), were obtained. Using these sera as the primary antibody, the antigen of each virus was localized in the cytoplasm of infected HeLa cells by either ABC, or immunofluorescence. Conjunctival cells from patients with EV70 AHC were antigen-positive for 3 days after the onset of disease. Though epidemics of CA24v AHC have only been experienced in Okinawa, sporadic cases have been observed in other districts of Japan.
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PMID:[Viral diseases of the outer eye--rapid diagnosis by immunohistochemistry]. 227 34

In corneal scraping smears from 13 patients with clinically suspected herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), HSK is demonstrated by means of peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique with antisera to herpes simplex virus (HSV) in Papanicolaou-destained cellular samples. The staining for HSV antigen was present in seven cases of corneal scraping smears with superficial keratitis (dendritic and geographic ulcers) while six cases of stromal keratitis (deep keratitis) failed to show HSV antigen except in one case. Specific antigen for HSV was predominantly present in the cytoplasm rather than in the nucleus. Immunoreactions were negative with HSV antisera in patients with other infections and in those in a normal control group. Using the PAP technique, detection of HSV antigen in corneal scraping smears was of great value in the diagnosis of HSK, especially in cases of superficial keratitis.
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PMID:Application of immunoperoxidase staining in the cytodiagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis. 242 87

Two techniques are described which enable a rapid diagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis to be made. The tests, antibody/antigen reactions, were shown to be accurate and sensitive in the 119 patients examined. A result is available within four hours with the indirect peroxidase-antiperoxidase method and within one hour with the direct method. The techniques are relatively inexpensive, though labour intensive. Negative reactions were found in treated cases and in those with some delay in the histochemical staining.
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PMID:Two laboratory methods for diagnosis of herpes simplex keratitis. 282 62

The PAP-(peroxidase-antiperoxidase)-immunohistochemical method was tested for rapid diagnosis on corneal specimens in clinically suspected herpetic disease. The method proved accurate, easy and useful in rapid diagnosis of corneal specimens from epithelial keratitis. Corneal buttons after keratoplasties for herpetic lesions were similarly tested for the presence of herpetic antigen. In a total of five corneal buttons, antigen was found in two corneas with necrotizing keratitis, whereas it was not noted in the three corneas opacified by disciform edema.
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PMID:Rapid diagnosis of herpetic infections by immunoperoxidase method. 299 83

The corneal discs of 41 patients with scarring reminiscent of herpetic infection were organ cultured for HSV isolation. Of the 41 patients, 34 had a definite history of herpetic keratitis, from 10 of whom (29.4%) HSV was isolated. There were no clinical features which distinguished between these groups; there was however an indication that those from whom HSV was not isolated had been previously treated with substantial amounts of topical acycloguanosine. In three patients of 12 patients when the disc was separated into 7 parts using a punch technique, virus was isolated exclusively from those portions demonstrating clinical scarring. Electron microscopy (EM) demonstrated HSV particles in stromal cells in the cultured corneas of seven patients. In two of the patients no virus was detected prior to culture with EM. In one patient HSV antigen was not found using peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) staining prior to subsequently positive organ culture. Studies were made to determine how HSV accedes to the corneal stroma using a murine model in which keratitis occurs by zosteriform spread of HSV following inoculation of the snout. Preliminary evidence using PAP staining indicates that the virus reaches the stroma at the same time as the epithelium, via the sensory nerves. Evidence of HSV persistence in anterior segments was obtained in the same model, in contrast to which no virus could be isolated following direct inoculation into the cornea. It is speculated that for virus to set up a longterm association with the stromal keratocyte, it must be introduced via the sensory nerve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Herpes simplex virus isolation in chronic stromal keratitis: human and laboratory studies. 303 Jun 56

Corneal tissue obtained during superficial keratectomy from a patient with herpesvirus disciform keratitis was studied by immunoelectron microscopy. Clinically, this cornea had a dense central infiltrate with a circumferential opaque ring histologically resembling the immune ring described by Wessely. Histologically, along the line of altered keratocytes and ground substance, an infiltration of inflammatory cells was found. Herpesvirus particles were seen by electron microscopy in the corneal stroma, but these virus particles had abnormal, noninfective forms such as empty capsids and incomplete virions. By immunoelectron microscopy with a peroxidase-labeled antiherpesvirus antibody reagent, herpes-virus antigens were localized inthe corneal keratocytes and in the corneal stroma. The major localization of the virus antigens was in association with the herpes virions and surrounding vacuoles in the keratocyte nucleus and in the corneal stroma in the area of degenerating keratocytes. These findings support the view of a hypersensitivity mechanism in the pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus disciform keratitis.
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PMID:Viral antigens in the immune ring of Herpes simplex stromal keratitis. 624 64

Corneal sensory and sympathetic nerves exert opposing actions on corneal mitogenesis and wound healing. The mechanisms by which these nerves exert their actions are unknown; however, the release of axonally transported neuropeptides has been postulated. In the present study, we investigated changes in innervation densities of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH-)immunoreactive (IR) nerves of the rat cornea following neonatal capsaicin administration, and the relationships between these changes and the development of neuroparalytic keratitis. Newborn rats were injected with capsaicin on each of the first 3 days of life. Forty-eight hours after the last injection, corneal CGRP immunostaining had totally disappeared from the cornea, whereas TH immunostaining was relatively unaffected. Over the next several weeks, a dramatic reinnervation of the cornea took place. By 6-8 weeks both the CGRP- and TH-IR corneal innervation density in the capsaicin-treated animals exceeded that of age-matched control or normal animals; that is, the corneas had become "hyper-reinnervated." The pattern of innervation that returned was grossly abnormal and was characterized by the presence of a bizarre subepithelial plexus of fine stromal sprouts; an abundance of myelinated axons; and complex, atypical, epithelial leash morphologies. Retrograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA:HRP) from the central cornea in control and capsaicin-treated adult animals labeled an average of 143 and 47 trigeminal ganglion cells, respectively (with mean diameters of 25.7 +/- 0.49 microns and 34.3 +/- 0.72 microns), suggesting a 67% decrease in corneal afferent neurons in the capsaicin-treated animals. Transection of the ophthalmomaxillary nerve in adult capsaicin-treated animals completely eliminated corneal CGRP-IR staining, and extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion resulted in the loss of 70-80% of corneal TH-IR nerves, thus demonstrating the sensory and predominantly sympathetic origins, respectively, of these fiber populations. Chronic keratitis and neovascularization developed in the capsaicin-treated animals by approximately 3 weeks of age, achieved a maximum intensity between 4 and 6 weeks, and showed some gradual improvement thereafter. However, the keratitis never completely disappeared, even after 13 months. In conclusion, these data show that corneal sensory (CGRP-IR) and sympathetic (TH-IR) nerve fibers undergo extensive sprouting following partial corneal sensory denervation with the neurotoxin capsaicin. However, the resultant "hyper-reinnervation" is morphologically abnormal and, for reasons unknown, functionally incapable of preventing or totally reversing the keratitis.
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PMID:Sensory and sympathetic nerve sprouting in the rat cornea following neonatal administration of capsaicin. 750 67

Activities of four antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, catalase, and peroxidase) and of three transferases (serum glutamic oxaloacetic and pyruvic transaminases, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) were measured in the lacrimal fluid of patients with herpetic keratitis. Measurements of lacrimal enzymes in the course of the disease helps assess the efficacy of treatment and permits its correction. After the treatment of herpetic keratitis is over, activities of the lacrimal enzymes should be assessed together with clinical signs, this permitting a prediction of a recurrence of ophthalmic herpes and timely administration of anti-relapse treatment.
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PMID:[Enzymatic analysis of lacrimal fluid in viral keratitis]. 789 97

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigens in corneal or conjunctival epithelial lesions were detected by impression cytology. Specimens were obtained using a nitrocellulose membrane and were stained by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. HSV antigens were demonstrated in 30 of 32 patients with herpes simplex keratitis or conjunctivitis. Impression specimens of dendritic or stellate keratitis lesions exhibited precise replicas of corneal lesions with numerous antigen-positive cells. HSV antigens were also detectable in some of the minute stellate and/or punctate epithelial keratitis lesions even during the course of antiviral treatment. Impression cytology is noninvasive and useful for a rapid etiological diagnosis of herpetic epithelial lesions.
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PMID:Diagnostic impression cytology for herpes simplex keratitis. 814 97

This article describes the histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and varicella zoster virus DNA in situ hybridization of 14 corneal buttons obtained from 14 patients (average age 69.0 years) after perforating keratoplasty (four patients) or surgical enucleation (10 patients) at different times after the clinical onset of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (average 58.7 months). The main histopathologic features were intense stromal vascular scarring (12 patients) and granulomatous reaction to Descemet's membrane (nine patients). Using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method, varicella zoster virus (VZV) antigen could be detected by immunohistochemistry in two patients within epithelial cells of the cornea and in the limbal episclera during the active phase of herpes zoster ophthalmicus. For in situ hybridization we used the 35S-labeled HindIII A and C fragment of VZV and identified viral DNA in five corneal buttons obtained 1 day to 8 years after the clinical onset of infection. Viral DNA was mainly found in mononuclear cells with eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions within vascular stromal scars, in keratocytes, and in epithelial cells of the cornea. Our results show that VZV DNA is detectable in human cornea even 8 years after the clinical onset of herpes zoster ophthalmicus and may indicate VZV persistence in a latent form in corneal tissue or reactivation of the virus from an endogenous or exogenous source causing a severe and often recurrent keratitis in the progress of herpes zoster ophthalmicus.
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PMID:Detection of varicella zoster virus DNA and viral antigen in human cornea after herpes zoster ophthalmicus. 838 87


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