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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Collagen shields made of porcine collagen were placed in a solution containing tobramycin sulfate (40 or 200 mg/ml) for five minutes, then applied to rabbit eyes. One, four, or eight hours after application, the corneas, aqueous humor samples, and shields were assayed for antibiotic. At all intervals, the concentration of antibiotic in the corneas and aqueous humor samples exceeded the mean inhibitory concentration for tobramycin, as determined for most strains of Pseudomonas. Shields immersed in 200 mg/ml tobramycin produced significantly higher concentrations of antibiotic in the cornea at one hour than subconjunctival injections of tobramycin (20 mg) (P = .0001). Shields immersed in 40 mg/ml tobramycin produced higher, although not significantly higher, concentrations of antibiotic in the cornea at one hour than subconjunctival injections of tobramycin (20 mg) (P = .318). Shields immersed in commercially available tobramycin drops or injectable tobramycin solution (40 mg/ml) caused no epithelial damage visible by slitlamp examination. Collagen shields containing antibiotics can serve as a vehicle for drug delivery and may prove superior to current methods for preoperative and postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and the initial treatment of bacterial keratitis.
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PMID:Collagen shield drug delivery: therapeutic concentrations of tobramycin in the rabbit cornea and aqueous humor. 318 30

Staphylococcus epidermidis accounts for nearly one third of all cases of bacterial keratitis in certain geographic areas. Recently, the sensitivity of this organism has changed dramatically so that nearly half of nosocomially acquired systemic S epidermidis infections are resistant to methicillin sodium, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. Methicillin-resistant and gentamicin sulfate-resistant S epidermidis causing infectious blepharoconjunctivitis and endophthalmitis has previously been reported. Two cases of methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant S epidermidis keratitis occurred that were treated successfully with topical vancomycin hydrochloride.
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PMID:Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis keratitis treated with vancomycin. 319 May 43

In an experimental model of Pseudomonas keratitis, 50 rabbit eyes were treated with gentamicin sulfate (3 mg/mL) prophylactically on four different treatment regimens. One group (13 eyes) received one drop of gentamicin sulfate every hour to a total of four drops, the last drop 25 minutes before inoculation. A second group (13 eyes) was given one drop of gentamicin sulfate one hour before inoculation. A third group (12 eyes) received one drop of gentamicin sulfate per minute to a total of 4 drops, the last drop 25 minutes prior to inoculation. A fourth group (12 eyes) received one drop of antibiotic 25 minutes before inoculation. Twelve control eyes received saline solution. Subsequently, a superficial corneal scratch was inflicted and each eye received one drop (0.05 mL) of a solution containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The infection rate in all four experimental groups was low, whereas all control eyes became infected. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotic application in the prevention of Pseudomonas keratitis prior to superficial ocular trauma.
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PMID:True prophylactic gentamicin application in experimental Pseudomonas keratitis. 320 30

Enoxacin is a broad-spectrum quinolone-derivative antibiotic. In a rabbit model of keratitis caused by a Pseudomonas species, enoxacin (3 mg/mL) was as effective as gentamicin sulfate (3 mg/mL) and enoxacin (10 mg/mL) in reducing viable bacterial counts in corneas after 24 hours of hourly therapy with eye drops. Bacterial counts were reduced by about 5000-fold by enoxacin treatment when compared with placebo-treated controls. Penetration studies of topical enoxacin (3 mg/mL) showed that concentrations in cornea and aqueous humor reached levels above reported minimal inhibitory concentrations when an epithelial defect was present. Further investigation of enoxacin for treatment of ocular disease is warranted.
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PMID:Treatment of experimental Pseudomonas corneal ulcers with enoxacin, a quinolone antibiotic. 346 52

A model of bacterial keratitis in rats was developed to quantify the effect of antibiotics and corticosteroid on the infective process. Corneas were inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, or Streptococcus pneumoniae. The natural history of infection with these organisms was determined. Groups of animals received topical antibiotics and prednisolone acetate. The effect of treatment on the number of leukocytes and viable bacteria in the corneas was determined. Prednisolone did not influence the effect of the antibiotics; however, steroid treatment alone increased the pseudomonad count as much as 20-fold above the count in untreated eyes. In general, both the antibiotic and steroid treatments were more successful when begun eight hours after infection than when begun at 24 hours. a 1% gentamicin sulfate preparation proved effective against each of the infections, including a pneumococcal strain considered resistant on the basis of in vitro tests.
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PMID:A rat model of bacterial keratitis. Effect of antibiotics and corticosteroid. 384 63

Peak and trough tear and serum concentrations were determined in 27 human volunteers undergoing intravenous (IV) gentamicin sulfate, tobramycin sulfate, amikacin sulfate, and netilmicin sulfate therapy. Although effective serum concentrations were achieved, tear levels were subtherapeutic. The mean peak tear concentrations were 0.4 microgram/mL, 0.5 microgram/mL, 1.7 micrograms/mL, and 0.3 microgram/mL for gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and netilmicin, respectively. These levels did not approach the minimum inhibitory concentrations for Pseudomonas and raise some concern regarding the risk-benefit ratio of IV antibiotics for bacterial keratitis.
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PMID:Gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and netilmicin levels in tears following intravenous administration. 397 92

Six cases are described of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ulcerative keratitis in which antibiotic sensitivity studies demonstrate organism resistance to gentamicin sulfate but sensitivity to other aminoglycosides such as tobramycin and amikacin. In four cases, community-acquired infections represent the source of these ulcers. This paper documents the emergence of aminoglycoside resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis within the general community.
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PMID:Gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa corneal ulcers. 644 74

In an experimental model of Pseudomonas keratitis produced by a gentamicin sulfate-resistant, tobramycin sulfate-sensitive strain of P aeruginosa, the results of two treatment regimens-(1) with gentamicin and tobramycin alone and (2) with gentamicin, tobramycin, and a steroid-were evaluated. All of the animals exhibited ultimately the same amount of corneal inflammation and corneal scarring. In the group receiving the antibiotic-steroid combination, the corneal lesions healed more slowly.
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PMID:Combined gentamicin-tobramycin-corticosteroid treatment. II. Effect on gentamicin-resistant Pseudomonas keratitis. 676 66

The effect of a topically administered corticosteroid, 1.0% prednisolone acetate, on bacterial replication in rabbit cornea receiving adequate antibiotic therapy was determined. Staphylococcus aureus keratitis was treated either with neomycin sulfate or gentamicin sulfate, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis was treated either with gentamicin or polymyxin B sulfate. Each antibiotic was administered topically at hourly intervals in both the commercially available concentration and as a formulation containing four times the quantity of drug found in the commercial preparations. In each instance, the antibiotic regimen sharply reduced the number of viable organisms in the cornea, although the concentrated preparations did so more rapidly and effectively. The addition of 1.0% prednisolone acetate had no measurable effect on outcome. In no instance was there a statistically significant difference between number of residual viable organisms in antibiotic-treated corneas and antibiotic/corticosteroid-treated corneas.
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PMID:Topically administered corticosteroids: effect on antibiotic-treated bacterial keratitis. 739 86

The existence and pathophysiological role of glycosaminoglycans in the tear fluid in humans was investigated using quantitative analyses of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate in the tear fluid. The subjects were 42 eyes of 31 normal controls, 9 eyes of 9 patients with superficial punctate keratitis (SPK), and 13 eyes of 13 patients with epithelial defect. After an instillation of 100 microliters saline solution in the conjunctival sac, as much tear fluid as possible was collected from the lower cul-de-sac. The glycosaminoglycans in the tears were then treated with chondroitinase ABC to make fractions of unsaturated disaccharides. The quantities of disaccharides were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Concentrations were expressed as nanomoles of unsaturated disaccharides per protein in the tears. The concentrations of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate in the normal controls were 0.07 +/- 0.12(n mol/mg protein) and 6.91 +/- 3.63 (n mol/mg protein), respectively. The mean concentration of hyaluronic acid was significantly higher in patients with epithelial erosion than in normal controls, whereas the mean concentration of chondroitin sulfate was significantly lower in patients with epithelial erosion than in normal controls. There was no significant difference in the concentration of glycosaminoglycans between the patients with SPK and normal controls. The results of our study suggest that glycosaminoglycans are synthesized and endogenously secreted into the tear fluids and, especially in the case of hyaluronic acid, may play an important role in corneal epithelial wound healing in patients with epithelial erosion.
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PMID:[Quantitative analyses of glycosaminoglycans in tear fluids in normal human eyes and eyes with corneal epithelial disorders]. 773 21


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