Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The efficiency of Amphotericin B drops was studied using a newly developed keratomycosis model (defined strain Candida albicans DSM 70010, which leads reproducibly to a corneal infection with descemetocele without prior local or systemic immunosuppression in the rabbit). Penetration of the drug (administered ten times a day) into the cornea and aqueous humor was only demonstrated after abrasion of the corneal epithelium. Three groups were studied: (I) therapy with abrasion, (II) therapy without abrasion, and (III) a control group. Both clinically (descemetocele or perforation, hypopyon) and with regard to microbiology (reculture of Candida) the results obtained in Group I were significantly better than those obtained in Group II (p less than 0.001). Repeated corneal abrasion is therefore recommended for treatment of Candida keratitis with Amphotericin B.
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PMID:[Experimental studies of local therapy of Candida keratomycosis with amphotericin B]. 366 6

Immuno-enzymatic assay of aqueous humor and serum antiherpetic antibodies was performed in 155 patients with all types of uveitis and with keratitis. Globulin levels were also determined in the two fluids, employing an original nephelometry-laser technique. This immuno-enzymatic technique, which possesses greater reliability, reproducibility, and sensitivity than passive hemagglutination, appears suitable for microassay in aqueous humor, and demonstrates the production of anti-herpes antibodies in this fluid to the exclusion of other specificity. Applying limits of at least 1/40e for H.A. antibody levels, and at least 10 for the immunity load coefficient, these antibodies could be demonstrated in half of the cases of clinically confirmed herpes, in one-third of clinically suspected cases, and in two intermediary cases of uveitis where no predictive signs of herpes were present. In contrast, specific antibodies were never detected in 70 cases of anterior or total uveitis. Measuring anti-herpes antibodies in aqueous humor and serum by the ELISA method, in association with immunity load coefficients determination in the two fluides, appears to be a very useful method for the future etiological diagnosis of anterior and intermediary uveitis when the etiology is uncertain but clinical signs suggest a possible herpetic origin.
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PMID:[Value of the immunoenzyme method (ELISA) in determining serum and aqueous humor antiherpes immunoglobulin levels (apropos of 155 cases)]. 629 17

The investigations have been carried out concerning the effectiveness of compound ITCl p-chlorophenylamide of 3-methyl-5-benzoylaminoizothiazole-4-carboxylic acid in the therapy of experimental, virus keratitis. Changes occurring on the cornea were morphologically determined and the intensity of the reaction, which per continuitatem penetrates deeper parts of the anterior eye chamber was estimated in the aqueous humor, applying biochemical factors. It has been stated that the drug in question, when applied locally, significantly weakens keratitis caused by herpes virus or by vesicular stomatitis virus. It limits the expansion of the inflammatory reaction, accelerates the reparation processes of the cornea, and causes the reparation changes not to damage the cornea optical transparence or renders the damage weaker. The conclusion has been drawn that the therapeutic effect of the drug is due to its antiviral and anti-inflammatory effect which has been revealed before.
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PMID:Investigations on the activity of p-chlorophenylamide of 3-methyl-5-benzoylaminoisothiazole-4-carboxylic acid (ITCL) in the experimental keratitis. 632 6

Two men (58 and 19 years of age) had an unusual recurrent, bilaterally symmetric disease process involving the cornea. It is characterized by stromal edema progressing centrally from the periphery in otherwise normal eyes. The corneal edema in each instance was closely associated with slowly moving linear keratic precipitates accompanied by the destruction of the endothelium, with minimal anterior chamber reaction. There was no history of herpetic keratitis or trauma, and serologic tests for syphilis were negative in both cases. A similar pattern of linear endothelial destruction has been reported heretofore only in association with corneal allograft rejection. This clinical pattern, the cytologic findings for the aqueous humor (macrophages and lymphocytes), and the rapid response to corticosteroid therapy suggested that an autoimmune process was the underlying cause of this disease.
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PMID:Presumed autoimmune corneal endotheliopathy. 709 Dec 59

In vitro permeability studies were conducted on isolated rabbit corneal membranes using aliphatic acyl esters of acyclovir to determine the effect of lipophilicity on the transcorneal diffusion. Corneal membrane permeability coefficients increased with increasing lipophilicity of the straight chain aliphatic esters. The branch chain ester, acyclovir isobutyrate, displayed an anomalously low corneal permeability when compared to acyclovir esters having similar molecular size and 1-octanol/water partition coefficient. In vivo corneal penetration studies were conducted on unanesthetized rabbits. The aqueous humor concentrations of acyclovir and the ester prodrugs were measured at twenty five minutes after the topical instillation of an aqueous solution of the appropriate compound. The concentration of acyclovir in the aqueous humor increased with increasing 1-octanol/water partition coefficient. The lipophilic modification was shown to have a greater effect on increasing productive corneal absorption than the precorneal loss pathways. The effectiveness of acyclovir butyrate as a treatment for primary herpetic keratitis was evaluated in the McKrae strain infected rabbit model. The compound did not lose activity due to the esterification of the 2' hydroxyl group.
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PMID:Effect of acylation on the ocular disposition of acyclovir. II: Corneal permeability and anti-HSV 1 activity of 2'-esters in rabbit epithelial keratitis. 810 36

Development of new therapies for bacterial keratitis requires assays of antibiotics in infected ocular tissues; however, methods for such drug quantitation can be expensive and can lack precision and sensitivity. To develop a more suitable assay for quantitating tobramycin and ciprofloxacin in the aqueous humor, sixteen bioassays were compared. Variables assessed included: the strain of bacteria used as indicator (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 versus Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031), the application of bacteria to the agar surface versus inclusion in molten agar, the volume of the agar, and the application of antibiotic on paper discs versus instillation into agar wells. The best results were obtained when the appropriate indicator organism (S. aureus for tobramycin and K. pneumoniae for ciprofloxacin) was applied to the surface of the agar, antibiotic solution was put into agar wells, and the volume of agar was 30 ml per plate. The best sensitivity for assays of tobramycin and ciprofloxacin diluted in water were 0.98 and 0.12 micrograms/ml, respectively. These sensitivities improved as much as fourfold when antibiotics were diluted in aqueous humor or normal saline. The precision of all assays tested was high as determined by regression coefficients (r > 0.90). The sensitivity and precision of these assays indicate their utility for quantitating fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides in aqueous humor.
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PMID:Bioassays for quantitating ciprofloxacin and tobramycin in aqueous humor. 810 37

While on therapy for acute myeloid leukemia, a 15-year-old girl developed extensive punctate keratitis of both eyes following high-dose cytarabine therapy (HD-Ara-C). Pharmacokinetic monitoring showed an increase of the Ara-C plasma levels up to twice the steady-state level within 10 minutes after discontinuation of the Ara-C infusion. Calculations of Ara-C plasma half-life, plasma clearance and volume of distribution were within the expected range. Owing to the short half-life of Ara-C in blood due to rapid deamination, varying infusion velocities will result in markedly varying plasma levels. Higher peak plasma levels lead to proportionally higher diffusion into compartments like tears, aqueous humor and cerebrospinal fluid. In compartments which lack noteworthy deaminase activity, dose intensity will be much more enhanced than in plasma. Peak plasma levels, therefore, may be associated with multifold local toxicity without concurrent increase of hematological toxicity. Especially when the drug is given in small volumes of infusion, these considerations should be taken into account. Precise control of infusion parameters and application of artificial tears for dilution of the Ara-C concentration on the corneal surface should be part of keratitis prophylaxis.
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PMID:Is there a relationship between cytarabine pharmacokinetics and keratitis?--A case report. 831 60

This study was conducted to determine the therapeutic efficacy of 3.0 mg/ml ciprofloxacin administered concurrently with one of two salts of prednisolone for the treatment of experimental pseudomonal keratitis. Rabbit corneas were injected intrastromally with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC strain 27853. Sixteen hr after injection, rabbits were randomly divided into four treatment groups (3 rabbits, 6 eyes per group): 1) ciprofloxacin plus prednisolone acetate; 2) ciprofloxacin plus prednisolone phosphate; 3) ciprofloxacin only; 4) untreated. Signs of inflammation were graded in a masked fashion by slit lamp examination (SLE) and by estimating polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) numbers in corneas 27 hr after injection. SLE scores and PMN numbers were significantly lower (P < 0.02) in eyes receiving either salt of prednisolone plus ciprofloxacin compared to the untreated controls. In contrast, SLE scores and PMN numbers were not significantly different in eyes treated with ciprofloxacin alone, compared to untreated controls (P > 0.13). No viable bacteria were recovered from any eye treated with ciprofloxacin (groups 1, 2, and 3). Ciprofloxacin concentrations in the aqueous humor of eyes in groups 1, 2, and 3 were greater than 15-fold higher than the MIC for P. aeruginosa 27853. These results suggest that either salt of prednisolone, when combined with ciprofloxacin, reduces ocular inflammation without affecting the antimicrobial efficacy of the antibiotic.
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PMID:Prednisolone acetate or prednisolone phosphate concurrently administered with ciprofloxacin for the therapy of experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. 834 70

This study was designed to measure the concentration of ofloxacin in aqueous humor after topical, oral and intravenous administration in 50 patients undergoing cataract extraction. In Group 1, ofloxacin 0.3% eyedrops were topically instilled ten times and the aqueous humor concentration was 2.73 +/- 0.88 microg/ml. In Group 2, ofloxacin 0.3% eyedrops were topically instilled six times and the aqueous humor concentration was 0.84 +/- 0.61 microg/ml. Aqueous humor concentration 12 hours after 200 mg oral dose in Group 3, was 0.38 +/- 0.12 microg/ml. In Group 4, patients were given ofloxacin as a single intravenous 200 mg dose and the aqueous humor concentration 2 hours after the end of infusion was 0.45 +/- 0.11 microg/ml. Concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. There was a significant difference between Group 1 and the other groups, but not between Group 2 and Groups 3, 4. It was concluded that ofloxacin penetrates the corneal and the blood-aqueous barriers and can achieve good aqueous levels when given topically and systematically. Ofloxacin can be applied topically for external bacterial infections such as conjunctivitis and keratitis. Systematically administered ofloxacin reached higher levels than the MIC for some bacteria which cause endophthalmitis.
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PMID:The penetration of ofloxacin into human aqueous humor given by various routes. 959 May 93

Ocular leprosy is rarely seen in developed countries. We report the long-term follow-up of a patient with bilateral uveitis, glaucoma, and keratitis. Skin, iris and aqueous humor biopsies disclosed abundant Wade-Fite-positive organisms consistent with Mycobacterium leprae. Leprosy must be considered in the differential diagnosis of keratitis and uveitis.
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PMID:Lepromatous uveitis diagnosed by iris biopsy. 978 35


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