Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pretreatment of human fibroblast cultures with human leukocyte interferon (HIF, 1,000 IU/ml) resulted in a 24-h delay of virus replication after infection with vaccinia virus and herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2. Additional HIF treatment 24 h after infection effectively lowered the maximum yield of viral infectivity. Equal results were obtained in simian cells with 3,000 IU of HIF per ml. The spread of two cell-bound herpesviruses, varicella zoster virus and Medical Lake macaque herpesvirus, was inhibited by 2,000 IU of HIF per ml in human fibroblasts and Vero cells, respectively. Varicella zoster virus infectivity was notably reduced by HIF, whereas the latter system showed a low sensitivity. To study the effect of HIF in the infected cornea, keratitis was induced experimentally in both eyes of 12 rhesus monkeys and 12 African green monkeys by inoculation with vaccinia virus and herpes simplex virus, respectively. In each monkey one eye served as a control for the full cycle of disease. In the other eye HIF treatment was initiated prophylactically 15 h before or simultaneously with the challenge virus infection or 6 to 20 h postinfectionally or therapeutically after onset of the disease, and the treatment was continued for 2 to 7 days. Prophylactic and simultaneous administration equally resulted in inhibition of both vaccinia and herpes keratitis. Postinfectional and therapeutic administration of interferon moderated the course of keratitis slightly and shortened the period of virus shedding.
 ...
PMID:Effect of human leukocyte interferon on vaccinia-and herpes virus-infected cell cultures and monkey corneas. 16 24

Amphotericin B methyl ester (AME), a semisynthetic derivative of amphotericin B, was studied in the rabbit cornea for its potential role in prevention and therapy of HSV, vaccinia virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. It was effective in the prevention of lesion formation by these three viruses and dose-related antiviral effects were shown. Of these viruses HSV was the most sensitive to AME. The antiviral effect of AME was additive with those of IDU and ribavirin. However, it was not effective in treating established lesions due to HSV and vaccinia virus. Since its mode of action is to bind to the sterol sites of the viral envelope, it is suggested that AME should also be effective against other enveloped DNA and RNA viruses. A new method of therapy for epithelial herpetic keratitis in humans using a combination of AME with MWD is proposed.
 ...
PMID:Potential role of amphotericin B methyl ester in the prevention and therapy of herpetic keratitis. 20 16

New antiviral compounds are being tested constantly and may be of considerable value with increasing availability. More than 200 analogues of purines and pyrimidines have been found to inhibit DNA and RNA viruses. Adenine arabinoside is most effective against disseminated herpes simplex virus and disseminated herpes zoster. Idoxuridine is useful in treatment of herpetic keratitis. Interferon still is in the experimental stage, and, because of its short half-life and high cost, it probably will not be released in the near future. Amantadine appears to be useful in prevention of A2 influenza, but its value against swine flu has not been established. Methisazone is effective in prevention of smallpox and in the treatment of complications of vaccinia.
 ...
PMID:Viral chemotherapy. 58 11

12 african green monkeys were inoculated in both eyes with herpes simplex virus typ 1 and 16 rhesus monkeys with vaccinia virus. The right eyes were treated with human leukocyte interferon (HIF) while the left eyes served as controls and showed the typical keratitis, 7 out of 8 herpes eyes and all 9 vaccinia eyes which were treated prophylactically or simultaneiously with HIF showed no signs of disease. When HIF was given later in the course of the infection the keratitis was either little influenced or not modified at all. The reasons are discussed.
 ...
PMID:[The effect of human leukocyte interteron (HIF) on experimental viral keratitis in monkeys (author's transl)]. 108 Mar 75

Topical application of 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-monophosphate (ara-HxMP) significantly inhibited the development of keratitis induced by types 1 and 2 herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus in the eyes of rabbits. Parameters for evaluation of efficacy were infectivity (corneal opacity, lesion size, and type), Draize (erythema, conjunctival swelling, and discharge), and reduction in titer of recoverable virus from the eye. When the relative efficacy of the related compounds 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A), ara-A 5'-monophosphate (ara-AMP), and ara-Hx was determined against type 1 herpes simplex virus in a parallel experiment, the more water-soluble compounds (ara-HxMP, ara-AMP) were the most effective. The relative efficacy of ara-A was also determined against type 2 herpes and vaccinia virus-induced keratitis. Mortality in rabbits due to central nervous system involvement caused by types 1 and 2 herpes simplex virus was inhibited. Ara-HxMP was not discernibly toxic to the eye at concentrations of at least 20%; efficacy was still discernible with a 0.1% solution.
 ...
PMID:Viral keratitis-inhibitory effect of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-monophosphate. 119 Jul 53

One potential complication of systemic herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccination is that subsequent ocular infection may lead to increased immunogenic corneal scarring. Therefore, V52, a genetically engineered vaccinia virus that expresses the HSV-1 glycoprotein gD, was tested for ocular safety and for protection against ocular challenge with a stromal-disease-producing strain (McKrae) of HSV-1. To maximize immune response, rabbits were vaccinated by a series of inoculations. V52-vaccinated rabbits developed significant HSV-1 neutralizing antibody titers; however, they were not as high as those induced by vaccination with live HSV-1 McKrae. One month after the final vaccination, all rabbits were challenged ocularly. Eyes were monitored for 35 days for epithelial keratitis, stromal keratitis, and iritis. In no case was epithelial keratitis, stromal keratitis, or iritis significantly exacerbated by vaccination. The gD V52 recombinant vaccine provided protection against HSV-1 induced epithelial keratitis (P = 0.02) and long-term stromal scarring (P = 0.04). There was no significant reduction in the incidence of trigeminal ganglionic latency in the vaccinated rabbits (P greater than 0.05). Thus, our results indicate that V52, a gD recombinant vaccine probably is safe with regard to corneal scarring, and may provide a small amount of protection against ocular HSV-1 infection. The amount of protection provided was less than that reported in mice and guinea pigs. This suggests that to provide high levels of ocular protection in rabbits (and probably in humans), HSV-1 vaccines may have to elicit a more vigorous immune response than that produced by normal HSV-1 infection.
 ...
PMID:Ocular safety and efficacy of an HSV-1 gD vaccine during primary and latent infection. 216 98

Various 3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl (HPMP) and 2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl (PME) derivatives of purine [adenine (A), guanine (G), 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), 2-monoaminopurine (MAP), hypoxanthine (HX)] and pyrimidine [cytosine (C), uracil (U), thymine (T)] have been evaluated for their antiviral properties. PMEDAP, (S)-HPMPA [and the cyclic phosphonate thereof, (S)-cHPMPA)], (S)-HPMPC, PMEG, PMEA, HPMPG and HPMPDAP proved to be effective inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). (S)-HPMPA and (S)-cHPMPA were the most effective inhibitors of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and (S)-HPMPC was the most effective inhibitor of cytomegalovirus (CMV). Against adenovirus (types 2, 3 and 4) and vaccinia virus again (S)-HPMPA and (S)-cHPMPA showed the greatest inhibitory activity. As a rule, the PME derivates were much less inhibitory to VZV, CMV, vaccinia and adenovirus than the HPMP derivatives. However, PMEA, PMEDAP and PMEMAP showed marked and selective activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (S)-HPMPA was selected for further evaluation in animal model infections. It proved efficacious in the topical treatment of HSV-1 keratitis in rabbits and cutaneous HSV-1 infection in hairless mice, and in the systemic treatment of both HSV-1 and vaccinia virus infections in mice.
 ...
PMID:Antiviral activity of phosphonylmethoxyalkyl derivatives of purine and pyrimidines. 345 98

A new compound has been found, (S)-9-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine ((S)-HPMPA), that has potent and selective activity against a broad spectrum of DNA viruses, including herpes simplex virus (types 1 and 2); varicella zoster virus; thymidine kinase-deficient (TK-) mutants of herpes simplex and varicella zoster virus; human cytomegalovirus; phocid, simian, suid, bovid and equid herpesviruses; African swine fever virus; vaccinia virus; and human adenoviruses. It is also active against retroviruses. We also report that, in mice and rabbits in vivo, the compound is effective against both local and systemic infections with herpes simplex virus type 1, including herpetic keratitis caused by a TK- mutant which is resistant to the classical anti-herpes drugs.
 ...
PMID:A novel selective broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent. 376 96

Virazole is a synthetic nucleoside active in tissue culture against at least 16 DNA and RNA viruses. Applied topically, it inhibits herpetic keratitis in rabbits and tail lesions induced by herpes, vaccinia, and vesicular stomatitis viruses in mice. Injected intraperitoneally into mice, it inhibits splenomegaly and hepatomegaly induced by Friend leukemia virus and respiratory infections caused by influenza A(O), A(2), and B viruses and parainfluenza 1 virus. infections is also effective.
 ...
PMID:Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of Virazole: 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. 434 Sep 49

Topical application of 1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (Virazole) significantly inhibited the development of herpetic keratitis in the eyes of rabbits, as determined by both infectivity and Draize scoring parameters. Significant inhibition of the infection was demonstrated with 10% concentrations of Virazole; a 1% solution had a moderate effect, whereas doses of 0.1 and 0.01% had little activity in this system. A 5% concentration of Virazole similarly inhibited vaccinia keratitis in rabbits. Encephalitis-induced mortality in hamsters initially infected intraocularly with herpesvirus was significantly prevented or inhibited by topical application of 5, 10, and 20% concentrations of Virazole. Surviving, treated hamsters had no signs of herpes keratitis. The 20% concentration was the approximate LD(50) in hamsters. Virazole administered subcutaneously or intraperitoneally to mice did not appreciably alter the course of herpes virus- or vaccinia virus-induced encephalitis in these animals, although in a herpesvirus experiment direct injection of the drug into the brains 3 hr prior to virus inoculation resulted in a significant survivor increase.
 ...
PMID:Effect of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl1-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide (virazole, ICN 1229) on herpes and vaccinia keratitis and encephalitis in laboratory animals. 479 May 89


1 2 Next >>