Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From 1969-1974 1000 unselected enucleated globes have been examined histopathologically. 277 derive from the University Eye Hospital in Hamburg, 723 from various Eye Hospitals in northern and southern Germany. They originate from 589 men and 408 women, three times the sex was unknown. 86 globes had to be removed from children less than 15 years old. 6 groups of etiologies have been distinguished: trauma (308), histologically confirmed neoplastic disease (281), ocular manifestations of systemic diseases (diabetes mellitus, occlusions of central retinal vessels presumably following generalized vascular disease etc.: 128), "operative ocular disease" (164), primary inflammatory disease (71), miscellaneous (malformations, high myopia, pseudo-glioma and pseudo-melanoma: 48). The etiology "operative ocular disease" consists of 67 primary glaucomas (57 adults, 10 buphthalmus), 41 idiopathic cataracts (7 of these congenital) and 3 primary corneal dystrophies, as well as 53 cases of primary retinal detachment. Among the 281 neoplastic diseases, there are 238 primary intraocular malignant melanomas of the uvea, 18 retinoblastomas, 4 primary reticulumcellsarcomas of the retina, 2 choroidal nevi, 10 intraocular metastases and 9 orbital tumors. 16 enucleations among the 1000 enucleations have been performed for pseudo-gliomas (5 x Coats disease, 5 x persistent primary hyperplastic vitreous, 2 x retrolental fibroplasia, others 4 x). The manifestations of systemic disease are consisting of 68 central retinal vein-occlusions, 30 complications of diabetes mellitus and 10 central retinal artery occlusions as well as 20 other generalized diseases. A primary inflammatory disease led to enucleation 50 times due to an intraocular process, 5 times due to scleritis and 18 times as a consequence of keratitis (including 13 times herpes simplex). As the final clinical cause for enucleation the following categories have been elaborated: secondary glaucomas (416), clinical diagnosis of "tumor" (275), atrophy and phthisis bulbi (118), inflammation (112), acute trauma to 4 weeks after the accident (72), others (7). In conclusion the central role of rubeosis iridis leading to secondary angle closure glaucoma is emphasized. This process presents a challenge to ophthalmologic research. Finally the significance of early surgery for primary angle closure glaucomas and for complete restoration of the anterior chamber after trauma and any intraocular procedure is stressed.
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PMID:[Etiology and final clinical cause for 1000 enucleations. (A clinico-pathologic study) (author's transl)]. 95 59

Pain or redness of the eye are frequent symptoms of out patient ophthalmological visit. Diagnosis is based both on the patient symptoms and a careful eyeball examination. After an eye trauma, it is necessary to check the absence of corneal or subpalpebral foreign body, and the absence of an eyeball laceration or an intraocular foreign body. Without traumatism, pain or redness of the eye suggest an anterior segment pathology with various diagnosis: keratitis is mostly due to bacterial infection, a significant intraocular pressure elevation is frequently due to angle closure glaucoma or inflammation of the anterior uvea in case of iridocyclitis. When pain and redness of the eye are associated with visual impairment, it is mostly due to a severe ocular pathology. In that case an ophthalmological referral is mandatory.
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PMID:[Acute painful and red eyes]. 774 51

Intraocular infection due to Blastomyces dermatitidis is rare, and only 10 cases have previously been reported. Manifestations of ocular blastomycosis can range from keratitis to panophthalmitis, and it is often difficult to diagnose ocular blastomycosis early. We report the case of a 45-year-old man who had disseminated blastomycosis that involved the lungs, skin, and ocular uvea and who was successfully treated with systemic and local antifungal therapy. We also review the literature describing the spectrum of clinical findings due to intraocular blastomycosis.
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PMID:Intraocular blastomycosis: case report and review. 807 76

Patients with HIV infection and, above all, patients with full-blown AIDS can get a variety of ocular diseases as well as some cerebral maladies which have an influence on ocular functions. First there are hematogenous opportunistic infections of the retina or the choroid. The cytomegalovirus [CMV] retinitis was found in nearly 20% of all AIDS patients. Without treatment this disease destroys the retina completely, and the involved eye becomes blind. This can be prevented by modern therapeutic strategies in most of the cases. Other infections affecting the retina are toxoplasmosis, systemic varizella zoster or herpes simplex virus infections, syphilis or, seldom, fungal or bacterial pathogens. The choroid mainly can be infested by mycobacteria, cryptococci and pneumocystis carinii. Early detection and treatment of all inflammations are necessary. The anterior eye can be affected by a sicca syndrome and various superficial infections but also noninfectious inflammation. The anterior uvea can be involved in various opportunistic infections of the posterior eye segment. An HIV-associated isolated anterior uveitis has been described in earlier stages of the HIV infection. Treatment of mycobacterial infections with rifabutin can cause an anterior uveitis as well. 1 to 2% of HIV-infected persons suffer from a zoster ophthalmicus with more severe keratitis than it occurs in immunocompetent persons. Last but not least, there are various cerebral affections which can cause visual disturbances. So the optic nerve can be involved in various forms of retinitic or meningoencephalitic processes, of ischemic mechanisms or elevated intracranial pressure. Neuroophthalmological symptoms also include homonymous hemianopsia caused by foci of cerebral toxoplasmosis, progressive multifocal leucencephalopathy or primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma situated in the central neuron of the afferent visual pathway. A variety of oculomotor abnormalities can be caused by a great variety of cerebral disease. Moreover, there are signs of neuroretinal dysfunction in computed perimetry and in color vision or contrast sensitivity testing. Some sight threatening diseases initially can be symptomless for the patient, though they should be treated immediately in order to keep the remaining visual damage small. Thus, regular ophthalmological investigations are necessary in patients with an advanced stage of the immunodeficiency, regardless whether they have ocular complaints or not. Moreover, the patients have to be advised to attend an ophthalmologist immediately, when they notice any kind of visual disturbances or ocular symptoms.
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PMID:[Why are AIDS patients frequently visually impaired?]. 865 Jun 23

Microbial agents have an important role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory eye diseases, such as uveitis and keratitis. Microbial infections of the eye such as microbial keratitis, ocular onchocerciasis, bacterial endophthalmitis, viral retinitis, and other infectious uveitis are unfortunately common. In addition, microbial agents have been implicated in the pathogenesis of "non-infectious" immune mediated diseases such as HLA-B27 associated acute anterior uveitis. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that initiates rapid host innate immune response to microbial components known as pathogen associated molecular patterns, which are unique to a given class of microbes, such as lipopolysaccharide of Gram negative bacteria. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the expression and function of TLRs in the eye, with significant implications for better understanding of ocular immunity and the pathogenesis of inflammatory eye diseases affecting the cornea, uvea, and retina.
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PMID:Toll-like receptors in ocular immunity and the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory eye disease. 1636 78

The infection of humans with the rodent-borne lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) can lead to central nervous system disease in adults or severe neurological disease with hydrocephalus and chorioretinitis in children infected congenitally. Although LCMV-induced meningitis and encephalitis have been studied extensively, the immunopathological mechanisms underlying LCMV infection-associated ocular disease remain elusive. We report here that the intraocular administration of the neurotropic LCMV strain Armstrong (Arm) elicited pronounced chorioretinitis and keratitis and that infection with the more viscerotropic strains WE and Docile precipitated less severe immunopathological ocular disease. Time course analyses revealed that LCMV Arm infection of the uvea and neuroretina led to monophasic chorioretinitis which peaked between days 7 and 12 after infection. Analyses of T-cell-deficient mouse strains showed that LCMV-mediated ocular disease was strictly dependent on the presence of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells and that the contribution of CD4(+) T cells was negligible. Whereas the topical application of immunosuppressive agents did not prevent the development of chorioretinitis, passive immunization with hyperimmune sera partially prevented retinal and corneal damage. Likewise, mice displaying preexisting LCMV-specific T-cell responses were protected against LCMV-induced ocular disease. Thus, antibody- and/or T-cell-based vaccination protocols could be employed as preventive strategies against LCMV-mediated chorioretinitis.
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PMID:Immunopathological basis of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-induced chorioretinitis and keratitis. 1894 66

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the innate immune response to invading pathogens. Thus, their discovery has opened up a wide range of therapeutic possibilities for various infectious and inflammatory diseases. In the last several years, extensive research efforts have provided a considerable wealth of information on the expression and function of TLRs in the eye, with significant implications for better understanding of pathogenesis of infectious eye diseases affecting the cornea, uvea, and the retina. In this review, by using bacterial keratitis and endophthalmitis as examples, we discuss the possibilities of targeting TLR signaling for the prevention or treatment of ocular infectious diseases.
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PMID:Targeting toll-like receptor signaling as a novel approach to prevent ocular infectious diseases. 2443 16

Eye involvement represents a common finding in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome, seronegative spondyloarthropathy, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis. The eye is a privileged immune site but commensal bacteria are found on the ocular surface. The eye injury may be inflammatory, vascular or infectious, as well as iatrogenic, as in the case of hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, corticosteroids, and bisphosphonates. Manifestations may affect different components of the eye, with episcleritis involving the episclera, a thin layer of tissue covering the sclera; scleritis being an inflammation of the sclera potentially leading to blindness; keratitis, referring to corneal inflammation frequently associated with scleritis; and uveitis as the inflammation of the uvea, including the iris, ciliary body, and choroid, subdivided into anterior, posterior, or panuveitis. As blindness may result from the eye involvement, clinicians should be aware of the possible manifestations and their management also independent of the ophthalmologist opinion as the therapeutic approach generally points to the underlying diseases. In some cases, the eye involvement may have a diagnostic implication, as for episcleritis in rheumatoid arthritis, or acute anterior uveitis in seronegative spondyloarthritis. Nonetheless, some conditions lack specificity, as in the case of dry eye which affects nearly 30 % of the general population. The aim of this review is to elucidate to non-ophthalmologists the major ocular complications of rheumatic diseases and their specific management and treatment options.
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PMID:Ocular Involvement in Systemic Autoimmune Diseases. 2649 81

Eye problems constitute 2% to 3% of all primary care and emergency department visits. Common eye conditions that can cause eye pain are conjunctivitis, corneal abrasion, and hordeolum, and some of the most serious eye conditions include acute angle-closure glaucoma, orbital cellulitis, and herpetic keratitis. The history should focus on vision changes, foreign body sensation, photophobia, and associated symptoms, such as headache. The physical examination includes an assessment of visual acuity and systematic evaluation of the conjunctiva, eyelids, sclera, cornea, pupil, anterior chamber, and anterior uvea. Further examination with fluorescein staining and tonometry is often necessary. Because eye pain can be the first sign of an ophthalmologic emergency, the physician should determine if referral is warranted. Specific conditions that require ophthalmology consultation include acute angle-closure glaucoma, optic neuritis, orbital cellulitis, scleritis, anterior uveitis, and infectious keratitis.
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PMID:Evaluation of the Painful Eye. 2840 5

Uveitis, the pathologic condition of inflammation of the uvea, frequently leads to severe vision loss and blindness. S100A8 is a calcium-binding protein which mainly expresses in granulocytes and monocytes and plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. Here, we determined the role of S100A8-positive cells in acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and keratitis. In rat models of endotoxin (lipopolisaccharide, LPS) -induced uveitis (EIU) and keratitis, S100A8-positive granulocytes and monocytes increased significantly in the iris-ciliary body and cornea as well as in the blood. Interestingly, Glucocorticoids slightly increased S100A8 levels in leukocytes, but reduced its presence significantly in the iris-ciliary body after LPS injection. Moreover, inhibition of NF-kB activation remarkably suppressed both progression of AAU and total S100A8 levels in leukocytes and the iris-ciliary body after LPS administration. Additionally, S100A8 protein level was also found to be elevated in the serum of AAU patients parallel with the progression of AAU through the designated clinical stages. Thus, S100A8 plays a pivotal role in the processes of AAU through involvement in migration and infiltration of S100A8-positive cells. Our findings suggest that serum levels of S100A8 protein can be used to monitor inflammatory activity in AAU.
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PMID:S100A8 promotes migration and infiltration of inflammatory cells in acute anterior uveitis. 2778 10


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