Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Isolated scleritis (without keratitis) associated with infections is uncommon, and correct diagnosis and appropriate therapy for it are often delayed. Six patients with infection-associated scleritis were seen at our institution between May 1983 and May 1990 (these patients represented 4.6% of all patients with scleritis [six of 130 patients] in that period). Three of these cases were associated with systemic infections. One was associated with syphilis, one was associated with tuberculosis, and one was associated with toxocariasis. Three cases resulted from local infections. One was associated with infection with Proteus mirabilis, one was associated with infection with herpes zoster virus, and one was associated with infection with Aspergillus. The Aspergillus infection developed after trauma and the P. mirabilis-induced infection developed after strabismus surgical procedures. Four of the six cases were initially misdiagnosed and inappropriately managed. Correct diagnosis was made seven days to four years after onset of symptoms. Review of systems, scleral biopsy, culture, and laboratory investigation were used to make the diagnosis. Differential diagnosis of scleritis must include infective agents.
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PMID:Six cases of scleritis associated with systemic infection. 162 86

A prospective double blind study was carried out to evaluate the role of soluble antigen fluorescent antibody (SAFA) test to detect ocular Tuberculosis. The study material comprised 39 patients with suspected ocular tuberculosis suffering from interstitial keratitis, sclero keratitis, granulomatous uveitis, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, Eales disease and central serous retinopathy. The cases of proven ocular tuberculosis showed up as 70 percent strong reactors and 30 percent weak reactors to SAFA while none had a negative response to SAFA. Of these cases skin hypersensitivity reaction was positive only in 40 percent of the cases. The control group revealed a strong SAFA reaction in only 4 percent of cases with a weak reaction in 44 percent of cases. It thus appears that SAFA test can provide a useful addition to the routine tests in diagnosing tuberculosis.
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PMID:SAFA test as an aid to the diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis. 220 25

Serum levels of muramidase activity were measured in 162 patients with different ocular diseases and 84 healthy subjects by electro-immuno-diffusion technique. We demonstrated for the first time that electro-immuno-diffusion technique could be successfully applied for the estimation of serum muramidase concentrations. Serum muramidase was found to be high in significant number of cases with granulomatous uveitis, tuberculous keratitis, central serous retinopathy and Eales' disease. Tuberculosis was presumed to be the cause in them by the process of exlusion. Patients with high serum muramidase activity were subjected to anti-tubercular treatment with a marked clinical improvement. It is suggested that high serum muramidase could be an useful parameter in deciding the line of treatment in patients with ocular diseases of uncertain etiology. Serum muramidase concentrations showed return to normal levels with the clinical improvement of the diseases with treatment. It increased again with the re-appearance of the activity of the diseases.
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PMID:Immunoassay of serum muramidase (lysozyme) in ocular diseases. 350 56

The frequency of tuberculous uveitis has extremely decreased in Japan. Anterior granulomatous or non-granulomatous uveitis, chorioretinitis and retinal vasculitis are common ocular manifestations, while tuberculoma, scleritis, keratitis and orbital tuberculosis are rare. The diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis is extremely difficult because ocular tuberculosis tends to be negative in chest x-ray or tuberclin skin test. To diagnose ocular tuberculosis clinically some ophthalmologists recommend subconjunctival tuberculin test or therapeutic isoniazide (INH) test. Recently, for confirmed diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique has been used to detect mycobacterium in intraocular samples such as aqueous or vitreous humor. The mainstay of treatment is antituberculosis agents. Active retinal vasculitis or tuberculoma are generally responsive to corticosteroid therapy. Although ocular tuberculosis is rare, it must be considered as one of the possible causes of uveitis.
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PMID:[Ocular tuberculosis]. 988 31

Mycobacteria are important causes of head and neck infections. Mycobacterial lymphadenitis may be caused by both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a variety of nontuberculous myocbacteria. Changes in the epidemiology of tuberculosis have caused a shift of the peak age range of tuberculous lymphadenitis from childhood to ages 20 to 40 years. Short-course chemotherapy is highly effective. Mycobacterium avium has become the most common cause of nontuberculous lymphadenitis, but new mycobacterial species are increasingly recognized. Treatment consists primarily of complete surgical excision, although roles for antimycobacterial chemotherapy are being identified. Transient flares of mycobacterial lymphadenitis, which occur during initiation of antituberculous therapy and in HIV-infected patients after initiation of antiretroviral therapy, may respond to short courses of corticosteroids. Tuberculous otitis media has become uncommon. Otitis media due to nontuberculous mycobacterial infection is increasingly seen in patients with pre-existing ear disease and after surgical and otic interventions. Tuberculosis of the eye has also become uncommon but may occur via hematogenous dissemination or direct innoculation. Nontuberculous mycobacteria, most commonly Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium fortuitum, may cause keratitis, usually after some form of corneal trauma.
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PMID:Mycobacterial Infections of the Head and Neck. 1138 53

Technological advances in the field of gene therapy has prompted more than three hundred phase I and phase II gene-based clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, AIDS, macular degeneration, cardiovascular, and other monogenic diseases. Besides treating diseases, gene transfer technology has been utilized for the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines for malaria, tuberculosis, hepatitis A, B and C viruses, AIDS, and influenza. The potential therapeutic applications of gene transfer technology are enormous. The cornea is an excellent candidate for gene therapy because of its accessibility and immune-privileged nature. In the last two decades, various viral vectors, such as adeno, adeno-associated, retro, lenti, and herpes simplex, as well as non-viral methods, were examined for introducing DNA into corneal cells in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo. Most of these studies used fluorescent or non-fluorescent marker genes to track the level and duration of transgene expression in corneal cells. However, limited studies were directed to evaluate prospects of gene-based interventions for corneal diseases or disorders such as allograft rejection, laser-induced post-operative haze, herpes simplex keratitis, and wound healing in animal models. We will review the successes and obstacles impeding gene therapy approaches used for delivering genes into the cornea.
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PMID:Gene therapy in the cornea. 1595 19

The transfer factor (TF) was described in 1955 by S. Lawrence. In 1992 Kirkpatrick characterized the specific TF at molecular level. The TF is constituted by a group of numerous molecules, of low molecular weight, from 1.0 to 6.0 kDa. The 5 kDa fraction corresponds to the TF specific to antigens. There are a number of publications about the clinical indications of the TF for diverse diseases, in particular those where the cellular immune response is compromised or in those where there is a deficient regulation of the immune response. In this article we present our clinical and basic experiences, especially regarding the indications, usage and dosage of the TF. Our group demonstrated that the TF increases the expression of IFN-gamma and RANTES, while decreases the expression of osteopontine. Using animal models we have worked with M. tuberculosis, and with a model of glioma with good therapeutic results. In the clinical setting we have worked with herpes zoster, herpes simplex type I, herpetic keratitis, atopic dermatitis, osteosarcoma, tuberculosis, asthma, post-herpetic neuritis, anergic coccidioidomycosis, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, mucocutaneous candidiasis, pediatric infections produced by diverse pathogen germs, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and otits media. All of these diseases were studied through protocols which main goals were to study the therapeutic effects of the TF, and to establish in a systematic way diverse dosage schema and time for treatment to guide the prescription of the TF.
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PMID:Indications, usage, and dosage of the transfer factor. 1829 53

Social, pharmacological, and environmental alterations were responsible for a change in the classical clinical picture of many long-forgotten diseases. The authors comparatively analyzed the clinical picture of parenchymatous keratitis of varying genesis in 16 patients (20 cases) with this condition. The distinguishing characteristics of keratitis were noted in herpes, tuberculosis, syphilis, sarcoidosis, the knowledge of which allows ophthalmologists to make an etiological diagnosis in earlier periods.
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PMID:[The clinical features of piarenchymatous keratitis depending on its etiology]. 1837 72

The protective ability of host defense system is largely dependent on germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). These PRRs respond to a variety of exogenous pathogens or endogenous danger signals, by recognizing some highly conserved structures such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger/damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The most studied PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of TLRs triggers production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons (IFNs) via myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent or -independent signaling respectively, thereby modulating innate and adaptive immunity, as well as inflammatory responses. This review introduces the classification, structure, and specific ligands of TLRs, and focuses on their signal pathways and biological activities, as well as clinical relevance. These studies of TLRs in the innate immune system have implications for the prevention and treatment of a variety of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), microbial keratitis, and hepatitis B and C.
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PMID:Toll-like receptors in innate immunity and infectious diseases. 2113 6

Atypical fast-growing Mycobacterium species are usually identified after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, cosmetic surgeries, and catheter-related, pulmonary or soft tissue infections. We herein present the case of a 56-year-old man with purulent discharge, redness, and foreign body sensation in his left eye. He underwent two surgeries that partially controlled the infection but were not curative. Corneal transplantation was performed, and a biopsy of the excised cornea indicated Mycobacterium aurum infection, which was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. This appears to be the first documented case of keratitis attributable to the non-tuberculous mycobateria M. aurum. The intractable extra-ocular progression of the disease in the absence of general signs or symptoms was notable. We suggest considering non-tuberculous mycobacteria among the probable causes of complicated keratitis or keratitis that does not respond to drug treatment, especially in regions where tuberculosis is endemic.
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PMID:Mycobacterium aurum keratitis: an unusual etiology of a sight-threatening infection. 2255 68


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