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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic, gram negative bacillus that causes serious hospital acquired infections. However, it also causes infections with unusual presentations which are acquired in a non-hospital environment. This report will discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and therapy of this uncommon infection, such as: 1) Pseudomonas folliculitis: a superficial or deep bacterial infection associated with the use of public hot tubs, whirlpools and swimming pools. 2) Invasive external otitis: an infection that can progress to skull base mostly associated to elderly diabetic patients. It is usually secondary to aural irrigation with contaminated water. 3) Pseudomonas osteomyelitis: an infection usually associated with nail puncture wounds especially if wearing tennis shoes. 4) Toe with infection: mostly associated with individuals using topical antibacterial agents. 5) Green nail syndrome: a non tender paronychia lesion that appears most often in persons whose hands are constantly exposed to water, soaps and detergents or are subject to mechanical trauma. 6) Corneal ulcer keratitis: mostly associated with the use of soft lenses, eye drops, mascara or contaminated whirlpools. This condition may terminate in panophthalmitis. 7) Endocarditis: most commonly associated with intravenous drug addicts.
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PMID:Unusual presentation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections: a review. 181 75

We have reported 7 new cases of Bipolaris infection and 2 of Exserohilum infection, which demonstrate the capability of these 2 genera to cause invasive as well as "allergic" disease. As noted previously, it is likely that all of the cases of "Helminthosporium" and Drechslera infections reported in the literature were caused by Bipolaris or Exserohilum. Infections due to these 2 genera are probably more common than previously recognized. They should be included in the differential diagnosis of central nervous system and disseminated fungal disease, sinusitis, keratitis, peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, and allergic bronchopulmonary disease. These various entities have distinct histopathologic characteristics. With disseminated disease in the immunocompromised patient, the most frequent findings are acute inflammation with prominent vascular invasion, thrombosis, and infarction. In contrast, granulomatous inflammation and leukocytoclastic vasculitis are seen in meningoencephalitis caused by these fungi. The histologic features of allergic bronchopulmonary disease and sinusitis are similar. A chronic inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils within edematous granulation tissue is found in addition to squamous metaplasia and thickening of the basement membrane. Infections caused by Bipolaris/Exserohilum and Aspergillus show many clinical and pathologic similarities despite the lack of taxonomic relationship between these fungi. Both cause disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients that is characterized by tissue necrosis and vascular invasion. Both cause central nervous system disease, osteomyelitis, and sinusitis and are associated with allergic bronchopulmonary disease. Sinusitis, the most common form of disease caused by Bipolaris and Exserohilum, occurs in otherwise healthy patients with nasal polyposis and allergic rhinitis. Although pathologic evidence of bone invasion may not be found, there frequently is radiographic evidence of invasive disease. Most patients who are treated initially with surgical debridement and amphotericin B have apparently been cured. However, longer follow-up will be necessary in these patients. Amphotericin B appears to be the treatment of choice for invasive infections caused by Bipolaris/Exserohilum species. Ketoconazole and other imidazole derivatives may also be effective in certain of the disease entities caused by these black moulds; however, their role has yet to be defined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Phaeohyphomycosis caused by the fungal genera Bipolaris and Exserohilum. A report of 9 cases and review of the literature. 352 12

Thirteen isolates of Nocardia caviae from 12 different clinical sources were received and identified over a 5(1/2)-year period by the Mycology Division of the Center for Disease Control. The results of morphological, biochemical, and physiological studies on these isolates were compared with those obtained with four reference cultures of N. caviae received from the Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University. Comparison showed that N. caviae isolates form a homogeneous group that is usually easily distinguished from N. asteroides, N. brasiliensis, and other pathogenic aerobic actinomycetes. The clinical sources included nine human and two animal infections and one human isolate apparently not associated with disease. Previous reports of N. caviae infections in man have been limited to rare cases of actinomycotic mycetoma. Among the human infections reported in this series are one case of mycetoma, one case of "mycotic" keratitis, one case of skin abscess, two cases of osteomyelitis, and four cases of serious pulmonary infection caused by N. caviae.
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PMID:Nocardia caviae: a report of 13 new isolations with clinical correlation. 460 22

Nontuberculous mycobacteria are identified in almost half of the cultures reported positive for mycobacteria in clinical laboratories in the United States. While many represent saprophytic colonization or laboratory contamination, a significant number of these organisms are the agents of disease. Such organisms can be the cause of pulmonary, soft tissue, cutaneous and lymphatic infections, keratitis, osteomyelitis, postsurgical infection, endocarditis and disseminated disease.
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PMID:Nontuberculous mycobacteria. 672 Apr 96

Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive aerobic or facultatively anaerobic spore-forming rod. It is a cause of food poisoning, which is frequently associated with the consumption of rice-based dishes. The organism produces an emetic or diarrheal syndrome induced by an emetic toxin and enterotoxin, respectively. Other toxins are produced during growth, including phospholipases, proteases, and hemolysins, one of which, cereolysin, is a thiol-activated hemolysin. These toxins may contribute to the pathogenicity of B. cereus in nongastrointestinal disease. B. cereus isolated from clinical material other than feces or vomitus was commonly dismissed as a contaminant, but increasingly it is being recognized as a species with pathogenic potential. It is now recognized as an infrequent cause of serious nongastrointestinal infection, particularly in drug addicts, the immunosuppressed, neonates, and postsurgical patients, especially when prosthetic implants such as ventricular shunts are inserted. Ocular infections are the commonest types of severe infection, including endophthalmitis, panophthalmitis, and keratitis, usually with the characteristic formation of corneal ring abscesses. Even with prompt surgical and antimicrobial agent treatment, enucleation of the eye and blindness are common sequelae. Septicemia, meningitis, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and surgical and traumatic wound infections are other manifestations of severe disease. B. cereus produces beta-lactamases, unlike Bacillus anthracis, and so is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics; it is usually susceptible to treatment with clindamycin, vancomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin. Simultaneous therapy via multiple routes may be required.
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PMID:Bacillus cereus and related species. 826 90

The incidence of diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is increasing worldwide. There has been no previous report regarding the clinical significance and disease spectrum of these bacteria in Taiwan. From January 1992 to June 1996, 201 isolates of NTM were recovered from clinical specimens from 143 patients at National Taiwan University Hospital. We retrospectively studied the clinical records and radiographs of these patients. A total of 86 isolates of NTM were considered clinically significant; they were cultured from 39 patients with soft-tissue infections and/or osteomyelitis (16 patients), isolated pulmonary infections (10), keratitis (6), disseminated infections (4), peritonitis, enteritis, and conjunctivitis. The most common organisms involved in these patients were Mycobacterium fortuitum complex, followed by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. Positive cultures of NTM were derived from respiratory sources (sputum, bronchial washing, and pleural effusion) from 111 patients; in 11 the isolates were associated with clinically significant disease, in two they were persistent colonizers, in 79 the isolates were considered to be contaminants, and for the remainder there were insufficient cultures to classify. The organisms involved in pulmonary diseases were M. avium-intracellular (4 patients), Mycobacterium chelonae (1), Mycobacterium abscessus (1), M. fortuitum (2), Mycobacterium gordonae (1), and unidentified scotochromogens (2), M. fortuitum complex (55%) was the most common pathogen of keratitis and soft-tissue infection. Three of the four cases of disseminated disease were caused by M. avium-intracellulare. The only isolate of Mycobacterium kansasii found in this study was a contaminant. The strains of clinically significant NTM isolates found in our hospital and their disease spectrum differ from those reported in other regions of the world.
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PMID:Nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates: clinical significance and disease spectrum. 929 Feb 72

Staphylococcus aureus causes many diseases including cellulitis, keratitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis and mastitis. The heptapeptide RIP has been shown to prevent cellulitis in mice, which was induced by S. aureus strain Smith diffuse. Here we show that RIP can also significantly reduce the overall pathology and delay the onset of disease symptoms in several other models of S. aureus infections, including: keratitis (tested in rabbits against S. aureus 8325-4), osteomyelitis (tested in rabbits against S. aureus MS), mastitis (tested in cows against S. aureus Newbould 305, AE-1, and environmental infections) and septic arthritis (tested in mice against S. aureus LS-1). These findings substantiate that RIP is not strain specific in its inhibitory activity and that RIP is an effective inhibitor of bacterial pathology at multiple body sites following diverse routes and doses of administration. These findings strongly evidence the potential value of RIP as a chemotherapeutic agent.
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PMID:Prevention of diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus using the peptide RIP. 1107 16

Cylindrocarpon is a cosmopolitan soil fungus, which rarely causes human disease. It has infrequently been reported as causing keratitis, mycetoma, osteomyelitis and peritonitis in chronic peritoneal ambulatory dialysis patients and disseminated infection in leukemic neutropenic hosts. This report describes a case of invasive infection caused by Cylindrocarpon lichenicola, localized in the right foot of an otherwise immunocompetent traveler.
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PMID:Mycetoma of the foot caused by Cylindrocarpon lichenicola in an immunocompetent traveler. 1554 18

From January 1997 to December 2003, all patients with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) isolation who were treated at a university hospital in Taiwan were evaluated. Among the 2650 NTM isolates, 1225 (46.2%) were from 412 patients with clinically significant diseases. The annual incidence (per 100000 patients) of disease caused by NTM was 8.96 in 1997, 21.53 in 2002, and 16.55 in 2003. The major types of infections caused by NTM included isolated pulmonary infection and pleurisy (59.5%), skin/soft-tissue infections and osteomyelitis (13.8%), and disseminated diseases (13.3%). The two most common groups of organisms involved were rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) (41.4%) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) (39%). The most common organism involved in isolated pulmonary infection and pleurisy was MAC (44.1%). RGM predominated in keratitis (94%), skin/soft-tissue infections and osteomyelitis (43.9%), and lymphadenitis (66.7%). This retrospective 7-year study demonstrated an increase in the incidence of NTM disease in a university hospital.
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PMID:Disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria in a university hospital in Taiwan, 1997-2003. 1649 17

Aspergillus infections have grown in importance in the last years. However, most of the studies have focused on Aspergillus fumigatus, the most prevalent species in the genus. In certain locales and hospitals, Aspergillus flavus is more common in air than A. fumigatus, for unclear reasons. After A. fumigatus, A. flavus is the second leading cause of invasive aspergillosis and it is the most common cause of superficial infection. Experimental invasive infections in mice show A. flavus to be 100-fold more virulent than A. fumigatus in terms of inoculum required. Particularly common clinical syndromes associated with A. flavus include chronic granulomatous sinusitis, keratitis, cutaneous aspergillosis, wound infections and osteomyelitis following trauma and inoculation. Outbreaks associated with A. flavus appear to be associated with single or closely related strains, in contrast to those associated with A. fumigatus. In addition, A. flavus produces aflatoxins, the most toxic and potent hepatocarcinogenic natural compounds ever characterized. Accurate species identification within Aspergillus flavus complex remains difficult due to overlapping morphological and biochemical characteristics, and much taxonomic and population genetics work is necessary to better understand the species and related species. The flavus complex currently includes 23 species or varieties, including two sexual species, Petromyces alliaceus and P. albertensis. The genome of the highly related Aspergillus oryzae is completed and available; that of A. flavus in the final stages of annotation. Our understanding of A. flavus lags far behind that of A. fumigatus. Studies of the genomics, taxonomy, population genetics, pathogenicity, allergenicity and antifungal susceptibility of A. flavus are all required.
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PMID:Aspergillus flavus: human pathogen, allergen and mycotoxin producer. 1752 26


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