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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since about 1950 especially, dermatologists world-wide have been utilizing the positive side-effects, discovered by chance, of all groups of antibiotic and antimicrobial drugs. These drugs are used to treat certain non-microbially induced dermatoses, without any knowledge of the mechanisms involved. A short history is given and the most important drugs and the indications for their use are described. The following drugs are undoubtedly effective and sometimes even the therapy of choice: tetracyclines in acne vulgaris and rosacea (including rosacea keratitis); penicillin G in acrodermatitis atrophicans and cold urticaria; dapsone in dermatitis herpetiformis and - as a powerful adjuvant - in acne vulgaris and rosacea. Before the discovery of the socalled immunodepressive drugs, tetracycline was the only alternative to - or at least a highly effective adjuvant of - cortisone in dermatomyositis and chloroquine in localised and systemic lupus erythematosus. Finally, clioquinole was life-saving in acrodermatitis continua in children until this condition was recently identified as a zinc-deficiency syndrome. Therapeutical mechanisms have been found only in the case of acne, rosacea and dermatitis herpetiformis. In most other diseases the nature of the therapeutical effectiveness of antibiotic and antimicrobial drugs still remains a mystery.
Infection 1979
PMID:[Positive side-effects of antibiotic and antimicrobial drugs in therapy (author's transl)]. 16 43

An experimental model of staphylococcal keratitis in guinea pigs was devised that is suitable for quantitative evaluation of therapy. The growth curve in the cornea of a virulent strain of Staphylococcus aureus was determined. The organism multiplied rapidly, reached a peak in about 12 hours, and began to decline in numbers after three days. Infections were relatively resistant to therapy begun 24 hours after infection was established. Treatment started earlier when fewer bacteria were present was more effective than treatment begun later. Treatment begun at the time of infection, which might be considered prophylaxis, was highly effective. When treatment was begun eight hours after infection, tobramycin sulfate and gentamicin sulfate solutions administered topically in doses of 20 mg/ml were more effective than topical bacitracin, erythromycin, clindamycin phosphate, or a solution containing polymyxin B sulfate, neomycin sulfate, and gramicidin. Bacitracin and erythromycin ointments were ineffective.
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PMID:Staphylococcal keratitis. Experimental model in guinea pigs. 71 6

Infection on the snout with HSV-1 in mice with normal corneas produced a mild ocular disease, characterized by a zosteriform skin lesion around the eye, enlargement of the pupil, hyperemia of the iris and, sporadically, transient keratitis. By contrast, snout infection after prior cauterization of the cornea induced significantly more frequent and more severe corneal disease, in which keratitis was usually permanent. Corneal cauterization also produced increased numbers of Langerhans cells in the central cornea. We speculate that the combination of virus and increased numbers of Langerhans cells within the cornea may lead to an exaggerated ocular immune response that is destructive to the cornea.
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PMID:Herpetic stromal keratitis in mice: less reversibility in the presence of Langerhans cells in the central cornea. 165 Jun 75

Recurrent keratomycosis is reported due to the coelomycete Sphaeropsis subglobosa, which has not been recognised previously as a human pathogen. Infection followed corneal injury by a frayed bamboo cane with implantation of its splinters. Initial successful therapy with 2% clotrimazole topically, to which it was sensitive, was followed by recurrent infection after 39 months, initially a keratitis but progressing to an endophthalmitis. Penetrating keratoplasty was necessary to eradicate the infection. Further isolation of the fungus showed that it had not developed resistance to clotrimazole but had survived dormant, deep in the corneal stroma. S. subglobosa should be considered in bamboo-associated and horticultural injuries.
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PMID:Sphaeropsis subglobosa keratomycosis--first reported case. 201 15

Infection by FHV-1 is one of the most common ophthalmic diseases of domestic cats worldwide. Although the usual manifestations are conjunctivitis and keratitis, infection with this virus has been linked to a variety of other ophthalmic syndromes of cats, including keratoconjunctivitis sicca and corneal sequestration. Ocular FHV-1 infection of cats provides a significant diagnostic challenge to the practicing veterinarian because, in chronic cases, antigen detection tests often yield negative results. Although therapy for FHV-1 infections of cats is often difficult, the recent development of nontoxic antiviral drugs that demonstrate considerable efficacy against FHV-1 offers hope for improved therapeutic success in the future.
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PMID:Feline herpesvirus ocular disease. 216 58

Infections caused by small, free-living amebas are still unfamiliar to many clinicians, pathologists, and laboratorians. As of 31 July 1989, more than 140 cases of primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri and more than 40 cases of granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba species (including two cases in patients with AIDS) and possibly by other free-living amebas had occurred worldwide. The recent increase in acanthamoeba keratitis (more than 200 cases), especially in contact lens wearers, has generated new interest in this group of amebas. Effective treatment is still lacking. Risk factors, clinical manifestations, and laboratory parameters helpful in the recognition of infections of the central nervous system (i.e., granulomatous amebic encephalitis and primary amebic meningoencephalitis) and acanthamoeba keratitis are reviewed.
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PMID:Naegleria and Acanthamoeba infections: review. 219 54

The paper analyses results after treatment of 30 patients with herpetic keratitis by means of a specific antiherpetic immunoglobulin manufactured at the Sverdlovsk Research Institute of Virus Infections. As compared with traditional treatment, the terms of clinical recovery and the number of bed-days reduced. The preparation can be used in a complex treatment of patients with a herpetic disease.
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PMID:[The use of an immunoglobulin in the comprehensive treatment of ophthalmic herpes]. 225 81

Granulomatous amebic encephalitis due to Acanthamoeba spp. usually occurs in chronically ill and debilitated individuals. Some of these patients may have received immunosuppressive therapy. Another infection due to Acanthamoeba spp. has been corneal ulcerations which usually occur after minimal trauma to the corneal epithelium (1). In contrast, primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri usually occurs in healthy, young individuals with a history of swimming in heated swimming pools, in manmade lakes or with recent contact with contaminated water and practising water-related sports. Subclinical infections due to free-living amebas are probably common in healthy individuals with the protozoa living as "normal flora" in the nose and throat. It is possible that in humans, antibodies and cell-mediated immunity protect the host in such ordinary circumstances against invasive infection. In debilitated and chronically ill individuals, depressed cellmediated immunity may allow these protozoa to proliferate, allowing a fulminant "opportunistic" infection to develop. In the case of acanthamoebic keratitis, it is important to keep in mind that the temperature and moist environment of the eye serve as a good medium for the growth and proliferation of the amebas and is not necessarily associated with immunosuppression but rather with trauma. This review confirms that opportunistic free-living amebic infections occur with increased frequency in patients treated with steroids, radiotherapy, chemotherapeutic drugs or with broad-spectrum antibiotics and suggest that the mechanism of such infection may be depressed cell-mediated immunity or some other alteration of the immune system, like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Infection
PMID:Acanthamoeba, an opportunistic microorganism: a review. 286 47

The induction of interferon and the ability of interferon to induce the antiviral state were studied using rabbit corneal epithelial and stromal cells which were cultured for fewer than five passages. Interferon titers in the range of 7000 units/ml were induced in epithelial cell cultures and 76,000 units/ml in stromal cell cultures treated with UV-inactivated bluetongue virus. The interferon induced was stable to pH 2.0 treatment and heating to 56 degrees C for 16 hr. Infection of epithelial and stromal cell cultures with various strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 showed that all strains tested replicated to equivalent titers in the respective cell types, and that no detectable interferon was induced in stromal cells and only trace amounts in epithelial cells. Exogenously supplied rabbit interferon induced the antiviral state in cultures of both cell types restricting the replication of not only encephalomyocarditis virus but also herpes simplex virus. Sixty to ninety units of rabbit interferon reduced HSV-1 virus replication by 50%. Human interferons had less than 27% of the antiviral activity in rabbit cells than they had in a human cell line. The data indicate that exogenously supplied interferon may act to reduce the severity of herpetic keratitis by directly inducing the antiviral state in corneal epithelial and stromal cells. However, interferon endogenously produced by rabbit corneal cells in response to HSV-1 infection probably plays a minor role in the pathogenesis of ocular HSV-1 infections.
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PMID:Interferon production and sensitivity of rabbit corneal epithelial and stromal cells. 299 72

A review of 87 cases of microbial keratitis in South Australia was made to determine the factors which influence the outcome of the disease. The preceding pathology and the extent of ulceration at presentation were found to be significant, while the presence of hypopyon was less important. Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was most likely to result in a poor outcome. Most patients had a history of traumatic injury, herpes simplex keratitis, or a corneal graft. The choice of gentamicin and a cephalosporin as appropriate initial therapy in Australia was supported. The results are discussed with reference to current research objectives.
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PMID:Host, microbial, and pharmacological factors affecting the outcome of suppurative keratitis. 310 72


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