Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogue PMEA [9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine] is a broad spectrum antiviral agent effective against DNA viruses and retroviruses. It is particularly active against the human immunodeficiency virus and, like other phosphonylmethoxyalkyl derivatives, it also inhibits HSV-1, TK- HSV-1 and HSV-2. We have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of PMEA in the HSV-1 and TK- HSV-1 experimental keratitis models using BVDU (bromovinyldeoxyuridine) as the reference compound. As compared to placebo eyedrops, PMEA 0.2% and BVDU 0.2% eyedrops induced a rapid and significant healing (P less than 0.005) of keratitis caused by TK+ HSV-1. Treatment with PMEA 0.2% eyedrops also reduced the severity of keratitis caused by the TK- HSV-1 (P less than 0.05), whereas BVDU 0.2% eyedrops did not affect the course of TK- HSV-1 keratitis.
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PMID:Efficacy of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine in the therapy of TK+ and TK- herpes simplex virus experimental keratitis. 165 Jun 60

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection are predisposed to fungal, parasitic, and viral infections. Bacterial infection can also be seen, although ocular bacterial infections have not been reported in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome until recently. We present two cases of Pseudomonas corneoscleritis and one case of Pseudomonas keratitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection that failed to respond to antibiotic treatment. Predisposing factors included extended-wear soft contact lens use in one patient and exposure secondary to Bell's palsy in another patient. All three patients had neutropenia that may have contributed to their poor response to treatment. Enucleation was required to treat two patients with overwhelming infection. Enucleation has been rarely required for treatment of corneoscleritis in immunocompetent patients treated at our institution. Pseudomonas keratitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients represents a serious ocular infection requiring early diagnosis and aggressive treatment.
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PMID:Fulminant pseudomonal keratitis and scleritis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. 201 49

The development of new antiviral agents has gained increasing momentum. It has kept pace with the identification of specific sites ("targets") in the virus replicative cycle at which potential antiviral drug can interact. The current armamentarium of available antiviral drugs consists of amantadine and rimantadine (against influenza A), ribavirin (against respiratory syncytial virus infection), idoxuridine and trifluridine (against herpetic keratitis), vidarabine and acyclovir (against herpes simplex virus infections), ganciclovir (against cytomegalovirus infections) and Retrovir (against AIDS). Various new compounds have been found which selectively inhibit those viruses [i.e. adenovirus, varicella-zoster virus, thymidine kinase-deficient (TK-) herpes simplex virus strains, and rhinoviruses] that are insensitive or poorly sensitive to the presently available antivirals. Several new compounds have also proven active against human immunodeficiency virus, the causative agent of AIDS; and, as a spin-off of the search for anti-AIDS drugs, new agents may also be expected that are effective against other retrovirus infections as well as hepadnavirus (i.e. hepatitis B virus) infections.
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PMID:New acquisitions in the chemotherapy of viral infections. 216 18

We report a patient with pathologic evidence of anterograde spread of varicella zoster virus (VZV) through the visual system. A 29-year-old homosexual man developed the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 2 months before the onset of left herpes zoster ophthalmicus. During the next 11 months, the zoster infection progressed to involve the left eye, with resultant keratitis, iritis, retinitis, and eventual blindness. Later, the patient developed bilateral blindness, left hemiparesis, and fatal pneumonia. At autopsy, the brain revealed destruction of the visual system and adjacent structures, with sparing of the remainder of the brain. Glial cells near the areas of necrosis showed Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusions. In situ hybridization with probes to VZV nucleic acid sequences were positive in the necrotic brain and retinal areas. Hybridization with probes to cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type II, human immunodeficiency virus, and Epstein-Barr virus were negative. Electron microscopy revealed characteristic herpes group nucleocapsids. This case provides insight into the mechanisms of virus dissemination and the production of encephalitis.
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PMID:Transsynaptic spread of varicella zoster virus through the visual system: a mechanism of viral dissemination in the central nervous system. 253 32

Lymphoma was diagnosed in a 7-year-old domestic cat found to be infected with FeLV and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). The cat was affected by chronic disorders suggestive of immunosuppression, including gingivitis, periodontitis, keratitis, and abscesses. Despite treatment, peripheral keratitis of the left eye progressed, resulting in uveitis, chronic glaucoma, and eventual corneal rupture. Microscopic retinal and optic disk pathologic processes also were suspected. Abnormal jaw movements that were believed to be indicative of neurologic disease were observed. Approximately 17 months later, the cat developed generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and bilateral renomegaly. Lymphoblastic lymphoma and glomerulonephritis were diagnosed histologically. Manganese- and magnesium-dependent reverse transcriptase activity were detected in supernatants from lymph node and spleen mononuclear cell cultures, suggesting T-lymphocyte infection with FeLV and FIV.
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PMID:Feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections in a cat with lymphoma. 253 74

Various 3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl (HPMP) and 2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl (PME) derivatives of purine [adenine (A), guanine (G), 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP), 2-monoaminopurine (MAP), hypoxanthine (HX)] and pyrimidine [cytosine (C), uracil (U), thymine (T)] have been evaluated for their antiviral properties. PMEDAP, (S)-HPMPA [and the cyclic phosphonate thereof, (S)-cHPMPA)], (S)-HPMPC, PMEG, PMEA, HPMPG and HPMPDAP proved to be effective inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). (S)-HPMPA and (S)-cHPMPA were the most effective inhibitors of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and (S)-HPMPC was the most effective inhibitor of cytomegalovirus (CMV). Against adenovirus (types 2, 3 and 4) and vaccinia virus again (S)-HPMPA and (S)-cHPMPA showed the greatest inhibitory activity. As a rule, the PME derivates were much less inhibitory to VZV, CMV, vaccinia and adenovirus than the HPMP derivatives. However, PMEA, PMEDAP and PMEMAP showed marked and selective activity against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (S)-HPMPA was selected for further evaluation in animal model infections. It proved efficacious in the topical treatment of HSV-1 keratitis in rabbits and cutaneous HSV-1 infection in hairless mice, and in the systemic treatment of both HSV-1 and vaccinia virus infections in mice.
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PMID:Antiviral activity of phosphonylmethoxyalkyl derivatives of purine and pyrimidines. 345 98

This report is of seven-year-old girl with a lifelong history of severe eczema, intestinal features of food allergy, recurrent respiratory tract infections, chronic bilateral keratitis and mucocutaneous candidiasis. Immunological tests showed high serum IgE levels, with specific IgE antibodies to cow's milk and egg white, defective PMN chemotaxis and a marked defect in both the function and number of T-lymphocytes. On a cow's milk-free and egg-free diet the eczema subsided and the respiratory infections improved. A partial correction of the immunodeficiency was also observed. The relationships between the immune system and atopy are discussed.
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PMID:A case of hyperimmunoglobulinemia E treated with cow's milk and egg-free diet. 711 89

Medical records of 17 cats with ocular disease attributable to herpesvirus injection were reviewed. Herpesvirus infection was confirmed by a positive result on an immunofluorescent antibody test or by detection of dendritic corneal ulcers. Cats were 3 months to 23 years old (mean, 4.8 years). Sex or breed predilections were not evident. Vaccination history was available for 13 cats, 9 of which had been adequately vaccinated against feline viral rhinotracheitis, calici, and panleukopenia viruses. Six cats had a history of respiratory tract disease. Twelve cats were tested for FeLV, and 3 had positive results; 7 cats were tested for feline immunodeficiency virus, with 1 positive result. The most common ocular abnormality seen was conjunctivitis (13/17 cats), followed by dendritic corneal ulcers (10/17 cats). Keratitis was detected in 6 of 17 cats, and nondendritic corneal ulcers in 3 of 17 cats. Corneal sequestra were evident on initial examination or developed during the follow-up period in 4 of 17 cats. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca was diagnosed in 2 of 17 cats, and anterior uveitis was evident in 1 of 17 cats. All cats had 2 or more clinical ocular abnormalities associated with herpesvirus infection. Treatment with topically applied antiviral medications was instituted in 14 cats, including idoxuridine in 7, vidarabine in 4, and trifluridine in 3. Antibiotics were used topically in 10 cats, and atropine was used in 3 cats. Topical administration of corticosteroids was used in 2 cats. Recombinant human alpha-interferon was given orally to 3 cats in conjunction with topical administration of antiviral agents. In addition to medical treatment, 4 cats were treated surgically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Treatment of cats with ocular disease attributable to herpesvirus infection: 17 cases (1983-1993). 764 74

Fusarium is an ubiquitous fungus commonly found in soil and on plants. Human infection usually occurs as a result of inoculation of the organism through the body surface, thus causing skin infection, onychomycosis, keratitis, endophthalmitis and arthritis. Dissemination may occur in subjects with underlying immunodeficiency. Among immunocompromised hosts, Fusarium sp. is an emerging pathogen in neutropenic patients. To our knowledge, since 1973, when the first disseminated fusariosis in a child with acute leukemia was reported, about 80 new cases have been reported, mainly occurring in patients with haematologic malignancies. Specific portals of entry are not well understood, nevertheless the respiratory tract, colonised gastrointestinal tract, onychomycosis, disrupted skin barrier and central venous catheter have been reported as entry sites of deep seated Fusarium infections. Fever, positive blood cultures, severe myalgias, disseminated ecthyma gangrenosum-like skin lesions, ocular symptoms and multiple-organ-system involvement are distinctive features in most cases of disseminated fusariosis. The prognosis is very poor with death generally following despite antifungal therapy, unless an increase in the white blood cell count occurs. All available antifungal drugs show a low activity against the various species of Fusarium. Nevertheless, amphotericin B seems to have the highest in vitro activity and, even if it does not appear to be effective in persistently neutropenic patients, it should be currently considered to be the treatment of choice.
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PMID:Clinical patterns of Fusarium infections in immunocompromised patients. 807 92

We studied the occurrence of ulcerative keratitis in five eyes of four patients who were examined at the University of Maryland Hospital ophthalmology clinic over a 12-month period. All were young women who were intravenous drug abusers, with no known predisposing factors for ulcerative keratitis. Two patients had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one was human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive, and the fourth refused HIV testing. One had a corneoscleral limbus to corneoscleral limbus keratitis; three had inferiorly located corneal ulcers (bilateral in one patient with AIDS). Corneal cultures disclosed Capnocytophaga species in the corneoscleral limbus to corneoscleral limbus keratitis. The remaining ulcers were polymicrobial; cultures of three grew Candida albicans, cultures of two grew alpha-hemolytic streptococci, cultures of two grew Staphylococcus aureus, and culture of one grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment with topical fortified antibiotics and antifungal agents resulted in complete healing in all four inferiorly located ulcers. The corneal ulcer became perforated and the eye was eviscerated. Histopathologic analysis of the eviscerated specimen disclosed acute keratitis with necrosis and no microorganisms.
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PMID:Spontaneous ulcerative keratitis in immunocompromised patients. 843 Jul 29


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