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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two ocular infectious disorders attributed to Microsporidia have been observed. They differ in that one infection involves the corneal stroma leading to corneal ulceration and suppurative keratitis whereas the other infection involves the conjunctival and corneal epithelium. The corneal stromal infection is caused by a binucleated oval spore that is Nosema-like in character. The conjunctival and corneal epithelial infection occurs in HIV-sero-positive individuals and is caused by a spore containing a single nucleus that is a member of the genus Encephalitozoon. Characteristics of these genera and the above-mentioned infections are presented.
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PMID:Corneal microsporidioses: characterization and identification. 181 75

Patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection are predisposed to fungal, parasitic, and viral infections. Bacterial infection can also be seen, although ocular bacterial infections have not been reported in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome until recently. We present two cases of Pseudomonas corneoscleritis and one case of Pseudomonas keratitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection that failed to respond to antibiotic treatment. Predisposing factors included extended-wear soft contact lens use in one patient and exposure secondary to Bell's palsy in another patient. All three patients had neutropenia that may have contributed to their poor response to treatment. Enucleation was required to treat two patients with overwhelming infection. Enucleation has been rarely required for treatment of corneoscleritis in immunocompetent patients treated at our institution. Pseudomonas keratitis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients represents a serious ocular infection requiring early diagnosis and aggressive treatment.
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PMID:Fulminant pseudomonal keratitis and scleritis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. 201 49

In the late 1980s, HIV seroprevalence in Rwanda stood at 17.8% in urban areas and 1.3% in rural areas. Adult symptoms of AIDS are generally different than those of children. For example, worldwide, the most prevalent symptom (about 50% of patients) of HIV infection among adults is cotton wool spots, fluffy white superficial retinal lesions. In a sample of 110 seropositive children in Rwanda, however, cotton wool spots' prevalence was very low (.9%). Further, 20-40% of all AIDs patients worldwide experience small retinal hemorrhages (.8% for 110 seropositive children in Rwanda), an advanced stage of microvasculopathy, 8% of the children had other microvascular conditions. Researchers have isolated HIV in the aqueous humor of 3 patients in Rwanda with retinal perivasculitis indicating that it may contribute to this disease's etiology. Moreover, 46% of the Rwandan children with AIDs experienced perivasculitis and/or sheathing. HIV has also been found in tears, the conjunctiva, the cornea, the retinal vascular endothelium, and from multiple ocular tissues. Even though cytomegalovirus retinitis is the leading opportunistic infection (26%- 40%) of the eye and the major cause of blindness among AIDS patients in Europe and the US, it only appeared in 5% of AIDS patients in a Rwandan study. Physicians have found herpes simplex keratitis to be more resistant to treatment and recurred more often in AIDS patients than in immunocompetent patients. They have also learned that other infectious diseases of the eyes manifest themselves differently between the 2 groups. Kaposi's sarcoma, B-cell lymphoma, and squamous cell carcinoma are often present in patients with AIDS.
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PMID:Ocular problems in AIDS. 218 17

Between 1984 and 1987 (over two-and-a-half years) 30 hospitalized patients with HIV infections of different degrees of severity were ophthalmologically examined. Ocular involvement was found in 17 patients (approx. 57%). In 16 of these 17 patients with pathologic ophthalmologic findings (approx. 94%), AIDS was already fully developed. Ocular involvement is therefore a sign of poor prognosis. Fourteen patients had a microvascular retinal syndrome and four patients had infectious (chorio-)retinitis (causative organisms: cytomegalovirus in three cases, Cryptococcus neoformans in one). Further findings included sicca syndrome with superficial punctate keratitis in two cases, keratitis in one patient with generalized mucocutaneous candidiasis, Kaposi's sarcoma of the eyelids in two cases, Kaposi's sarcoma of the conjunctiva in one case, papilledema with cryptococcal meningitis in one case, and atypical hordeolum in one case. Morphologic and pathogenetic aspects of the ophthalmologic findings, their importance and course in AIDS patients, and therapeutic problems are discussed.
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PMID:[Eye involvement in AIDS]. 282 96

Ocular manifestation in two observations on patients with anti-HIV positive antibodies are presented. The primer was done on a 47-year-old patient who presented retinal micro-vasculopathy with vetous exudates, retinal and pre-retinal hemorrhages and arterial obstructions at the right eye. The right eye vision was 2/50. The latter observation was done on a two-year and eight month old child with positive HIV who presented palpebral staphylococci and marginal keratitis at the left eye. These cases shows that AIDS, as an affection implying a small group of people, because of its epidemiological particularities and therapeutical difficulties must be known by ophthalmologists, being revealed by retinal primary vasculopathies and also by the presence of some ocular infections, as it has been in the latter observation.
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PMID:[The ocular manifestations in AIDS]. 806 Sep 58

Patients with HIV infection and, above all, patients with full-blown AIDS can get a variety of ocular diseases as well as some cerebral maladies which have an influence on ocular functions. First there are hematogenous opportunistic infections of the retina or the choroid. The cytomegalovirus [CMV] retinitis was found in nearly 20% of all AIDS patients. Without treatment this disease destroys the retina completely, and the involved eye becomes blind. This can be prevented by modern therapeutic strategies in most of the cases. Other infections affecting the retina are toxoplasmosis, systemic varizella zoster or herpes simplex virus infections, syphilis or, seldom, fungal or bacterial pathogens. The choroid mainly can be infested by mycobacteria, cryptococci and pneumocystis carinii. Early detection and treatment of all inflammations are necessary. The anterior eye can be affected by a sicca syndrome and various superficial infections but also noninfectious inflammation. The anterior uvea can be involved in various opportunistic infections of the posterior eye segment. An HIV-associated isolated anterior uveitis has been described in earlier stages of the HIV infection. Treatment of mycobacterial infections with rifabutin can cause an anterior uveitis as well. 1 to 2% of HIV-infected persons suffer from a zoster ophthalmicus with more severe keratitis than it occurs in immunocompetent persons. Last but not least, there are various cerebral affections which can cause visual disturbances. So the optic nerve can be involved in various forms of retinitic or meningoencephalitic processes, of ischemic mechanisms or elevated intracranial pressure. Neuroophthalmological symptoms also include homonymous hemianopsia caused by foci of cerebral toxoplasmosis, progressive multifocal leucencephalopathy or primary intracerebral malignant lymphoma situated in the central neuron of the afferent visual pathway. A variety of oculomotor abnormalities can be caused by a great variety of cerebral disease. Moreover, there are signs of neuroretinal dysfunction in computed perimetry and in color vision or contrast sensitivity testing. Some sight threatening diseases initially can be symptomless for the patient, though they should be treated immediately in order to keep the remaining visual damage small. Thus, regular ophthalmological investigations are necessary in patients with an advanced stage of the immunodeficiency, regardless whether they have ocular complaints or not. Moreover, the patients have to be advised to attend an ophthalmologist immediately, when they notice any kind of visual disturbances or ocular symptoms.
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PMID:[Why are AIDS patients frequently visually impaired?]. 865 Jun 23

External ocular disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can often be overlooked by the eye care practitioner. Different types of external ocular disease can be an indication of the patient's overall immune status as well as the stage of HIV infection. The external ocular sequelae of HIV infection can be of visual consequence for the patient. Eye care practitioners need to become familiar with these conditions. The diagnosis and management of the following ocular conditions associated with HIV infection are reviewed: conjunctival microvascular disease, dry eye, allergic conjunctivitis, microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, herpes simplex keratitis, molluscum contagiosum, fungal keratitis, bacterial keratoconjunctivitis, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS).
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PMID:Review of external ocular disease associated with aids and HIV infection. 872 88

Inflammatory eye diseases in Aids patients are common. For CMV-retinitis an incidence of up to 45% is reported in the literature. Other retinal diseases such as acute retinal necrosis are less common but are difficult to treat and often follow a disastrous course. Ocular lues may present very different clinical pictures and is the great "imitator" in AIDS patients as well. In toxoplasmosis the typical chorioretinal scars next to the acute inflammatory infiltrates are commonly absent. Infections with candida occur in i.v. drug-addicts in particular. Bacterial corneal ulcers and herpetic keratitis are not more common in HIV-positive patients than in immunocompetent individuals, but the course of the disease is often more severe and prolonged. In patients with low CD4 counts Microsporus can cause painfull keratitis. Mollusca contagiosa are more common in AIDS patients and show the typical lesions, though these are greater in number (commonly more than 20) or in unusual localizations (mucous membrane).
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PMID:[Eye infections in AIDS patients]. 944 3

Manifestations of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) infection are well known in HIV-seropositive White patients in developed countries, but this association has not been previously noted in African AIDS patients. This paper analyzes 8 cases (3 men and 5 women) 24-40 years of age who were treated at the Eye Department of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu, for HZO in 1994-97. Of the 6 patients who consented to HIV screening, 4 were HIV-seropositive. One of the HIV-infected patients had been treated for pulmonary tuberculosis a year prior to the present illness, but the remaining 7 were in apparent good health. The patients presented with skin eruptions in the area of distribution of the trigeminal nerve on the affected side of the face and head. Visual acuity was impaired in all 8 cases. The most common ocular findings were lid edema, ptosis, conjunctival infection, corneal anesthesia, keratitis, uveal inflammation, and abnormal pupillary reaction. The severity of presentation was similar in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients and all improved during follow-up; however, clinical improvement was less rapid or pronounced among the HIV-positive patients. These findings suggest that HZO infection in young Africans should be regarded as a possible indicator of HIV infection.
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PMID:Herpes zoster ophthalmicus and HIV infection in Nigeria. 970 97

HIV infection destroying cellular immunity system creates prerequisites for herpesvirus involvement of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. A total of 370 HIV-infected patients were examined. Ocular diseases were detected in 53 (14.35%). The most prevalent conditions were retinal angiopathy (most often with cotton-like foci--in 7.3% and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in 4.1%). Cotton-like foci in the presence of CMV activation (evidenced by high level of CMV DNA in peripheral blood) are a sign of probable CMV infection manifesting by retinitis or involvement of other organs. Intravenous gancyclovir in a dose of 7.5 mg/kg twice a day and its combination with interferon inductor poludan are effective methods for therapy of CMV infection, preventing blindness or poor vision. Moreover, combination of chemotherapy with interferon inductors cured involvement of the anterior segment of the eye--herpetic keratitis and iridocyclitis, which sometimes develop in the presence of HIV infection.
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PMID:[Viral lesions of the eye in human immunodeficiency virus infection]. 986 83


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