Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of inflammatory and immunological diseases of the eye. They are given by three routes: topical application, periocular injection and systemic administration. Topical application, periocular injection and systemic administration. Topical application is used for anterior inflammatory diseases, such as conjunctivitis, keratitis or anterior uveitis. Posterior uveitis is treated with systemic and local injections. Herpetic keratitis is a contra-indications to the use of corticosteroids. Ocular side-effects are observed with systemic administration as well as with topical applications and local injections. They include posterior subcapsular cataract, rise of intraocular pressure and even glaucoma, failure in healing of corneal wounds and exacerbation of ocular infections. These side-effects are not always reversible when treatment is stopped. Prevention consists of repeated eye examination.
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PMID:[Corticosteroids and ophthalmology]. 232 Aug 79

Proteolytic enzyme inhibitors are capable of preventing decomposition of the collagen structures of the corneal stroma, and also have a regulating influence on various aspects of the inflammatory process. The content of proteolytic enzymes (alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha 2-macroglobulin) was studied in the tears and the blood serum of patients with herpes viral keratitis, as well as in the blood serum of rabbits with experimentally-induced ophthalmoherpes. Herpetic keratitis was attended by significant changes in the content of proteolysis inhibitors, as well as in the peripheral blood neutral proteases activity, this presumably serving as a nonspecific blood protective reaction to the inflammation. In the tears of patients suffering from herpetic keratitis the inhibitors are expended for binding activated proteases in the cornea. Local application to rabbits of protein preparations with an inhibitory effect (contrykal, gordox) at the acute period of the experimentally-induced ophthalmoherpes produced a marked antiphlogistic effect.
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PMID:Antiproteases in herpetic keratitis. 245 13

Peptide-containing nerve fibers (peptidergic fibers) abundantly innervate the mammalian cornea. We investigated their role in ocular herpes simplex infection in mice by using capsaicin, which causes degeneration and permanent loss of peptidergic neurons in neonates and temporary peptide depletion in adult animals. The corneas of neonatally denervated BALB/c mice were observed for capsaicin-induced keratitis at 11-14 wk of age and were then infected bilaterally with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1); trigeminal (TG) ganglia were cocultivated 6 wk later to establish the rate of latent infection. We also applied capsaicin eye drops to adult BALB/c mice that had been infected with HSV-1 6 wk earlier, and measured viral shedding before, and 3 days and 2 months after, administration of capsaicin drops; TG ganglia of these animals were cocultivated at 3 days and 2 months after capsaicin application. Neurotrophic keratitis was found in 81% of neonatally denervated animals; mortality rate due to HSV-1 infection was reduced from 80% in the controls to 24% in the capsaicin-treated group, and recovery of latent virus by cocultivation was reduced by 50%. Viral shedding could not be produced by capsaicin eye drops in adult animals infected with HSV-1. However, recovery of latent virus was significantly reduced in TG ganglia sampled 3 days and 2 months after capsaicin drops were instilled. Our findings suggest 1) that peptidergic fibers play a crucial role in the establishment of trigeminal HSV-1 latency and 2) that reactivation of latently infected ganglia can be inhibited by topical capsaicin.
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PMID:Role of peptidergic neurons in ocular herpes simplex infection in mice. 255 22

Topical diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is being developed for use in the control of postoperative and medical inflammation. A comparison was made of 0.1% diclofenac with 1% prednisolone sodium phosphate, 0.03% flurbiprofen, and a vehicle placebo in rabbit eyes with acute herpetic keratitis in a double-masked study. Maximum corneal epithelial involvement was observed in each group on day 6 postinoculation, and in eyes subsequently treated with prednisolone, the corneal epithelial involvement appeared to be more severe and to resolve more slowly. Conjunctivitis and corneal clouding peaked on days 6 to 7 for all treatment groups and remained most severe in the placebo-treated eyes, followed closely by those treated with prednisolone. The duration of virus shedding was the same for placebo-, flurbiprofen-, and diclofenac-treated groups (50% or more were virus negative by day 10 or 11). Only prednisolone-treated eyes had an extended period of virus shedding, and the rabbit mortality rate in this group was slightly higher. It thus appears that topical diclofenac does not exacerbate acute herpes keratitis; diclofenac-treated eyes displayed less or at least no more severe disease than did the eyes treated with the other anti-inflammatory agents tested, and shedding of virus into tears was not prolonged.
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PMID:Assessment of diclofenac on herpes keratitis in rabbit eyes. 255 66

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is associated with a wide spectrum of systemic and ocular infectious diseases. Little information is known about herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) keratoconjunctivitis in association with AIDS. The authors present six cases of recurrent HSV keratitis occurring in AIDS patients. Features of the herpetic keratitis in these patients included unilateral dendritic or geographic epithelial keratopathy; predilection for peripheral versus central corneal involvement; one to three recurrences per patient over a mean observation period of 17 months, with a median dendrite-free interval of 7 months; and a moderately prolonged clinical course with a median healing time of 3 weeks using topical antiviral therapy. Only one of six cases had stromal infiltrative involvement. These cases raise the question of whether the immunologic abnormalities associated with AIDS may affect the clinical characteristics and course of HSV keratitis.
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PMID:Herpes simplex keratitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. 255 61

We developed a murine model of ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease which is particularly suited for testing stromal keratitis because most animals show some evidence of infection. Using this model, we characterized the ocular disease patterns caused by ten recent low-passage clinical isolates of HSV-1, as well as those caused by the established laboratory strains HSV-1 KOS and HSV-2 333. Viral strains were evaluated for their ability to cause stromal keratitis, blepharitis, vascularization of the cornea, and mortality. The model was not useful for scoring epithelial keratitis. The ocular disease caused by the recent isolates ranged from very mild disease to severe stromal keratitis. Some of the recent isolates caused disease as severe as the two laboratory strains. A comparison of the virulence characteristics expressed by various HSV strains indicated that the ability to cause stromal disease was correlated with vascularization of the cornea (correlation coefficient = 0.797, P less than 0.001) and was not correlated with the neurovirulence of the strains (correlation coefficient 0.045, P greater than 0.05). The severity of stromal keratitis was not dependent on the amount of inoculum over the range tested and a strain causing severe stromal keratitis caused severe ocular disease even when mixed with a nonstromal strain at ratios of 10:1, 100:1, and 1000:1.
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PMID:Herpes simplex virus stromal keratitis is not titer-dependent and does not correlate with neurovirulence. 255 53

We tested 3 non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in experimental herpes keratitis in order to determine possible pro-infectious consequences. The drugs were Indomethacine, Flurbiprofen and a new non steroidal anti-inflammatory, CBS 113 A, mixed inhibitor of cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase. We studied simultaneously the evolution of the keratitis and viral excretion. We considered that an anti-inflammatory agent had a pro-infectious effect if the keratitis was more serious and/or viral excretion longer in comparison with placebo. We have shown, for the 3 drugs, in comparison with dexamethasone activity, absence of a pro-infectious effect. We compared our results on Flurpiprofen with an other study which gave this anti-inflammatory drug pro-infectious capacities; the concentration used was higher. CBS 113 A, inhibiting the metabolism of arachidonic acid via lipoxygenase and cycloxygenase and thus preventing the formation of metabolitis involved in inflammation (prostaglandins, leukotrienes,...), should have a spectrum of activity wider than that of NSAID. Subject to further studies, these 3 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory could be used in herpetic kerato-uveitis.
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PMID:[Experimental herpes simplex keratitis in rabbits. Evaluation of pro-infectious effects of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents]. 262 69

The effects of cyclosporine A (CyA), a selective inhibitor of T-lymphocyte function, on the corneal inflammatory response in herpes simplex virus (HSV) stromal keratitis was followed during the course of experimental HSV keratitis in the rabbit. The corneal response, characterized by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and mononuclear cells, is an immunologically specific event that is dependent on the presence of viral antigens and immune cells. CyA treatment during the course of HSV keratitis resulted in a more severe and persistent stromal disease and more anterior chamber involvement than that seen in the solvent control-treated HSV-infected animals. Clinical observations correlated well with histological studies which confirmed a greater incidence of mononuclear and PMN infiltrates throughout the anterior chamber and stroma in the CyA-treated animals. HSV antigens were present in the corneas from both infected groups as observed by immunofluorescence staining, but endothelial localization of HSV antigens was seen primarily in the CyA-treated animals, often accompanied by cells in the anterior chamber. No significant differences in IgG and IgM staining in the diseased corneas and anterior chamber were noted between the CyA-treated and solvent control groups which suggests that there was no local B-cell immunosuppression.
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PMID:Effect of cyclosporine A on the corneal inflammatory response in herpes simplex virus keratitis. 282 Jul 74

The severity of HSV stromal keratitis varies among inbred mouse strains, with A/J and BALB/c greater than C57BL/6. Since cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of HSV stromal keratitis, we measured the proliferative response of primed splenic mononuclear cells (SMC) from these strains to HSV antigen in vitro. Primed SMC from all three strains showed increased thymidine uptake after incubation with UV-inactivated HSV-1 antigen (UV-HSV) in vitro when compared with control antigen. Uptake by SMC from BALB/c and A/J mice was greater than that by SMC from C57BL/6 mice. The difference between BALB/c and A/J was not significant. Uptake by non-primed SMC cultured with UV-HSV was not significantly greater than uptake induced by control antigen. Thus, among the strains studied, A/J and BALB/c mice, which are relatively susceptible to stromal keratitis, have the greatest proliferative response to UV-HSV antigen. C57BL/6 mice, which are relatively resistant to stromal keratitis, have the least response. These findings suggest that genetically determined differences in CMI may influence the course of HSV keratitis and are consistent with the hypothesis that the host immune response plays a role in the pathogenesis of HSV stromal keratitis.
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PMID:HSV-induced blastogenesis in splenic mononuclear cells from inbred mice. 303 Jun 38

Bacterial keratitis continues to be a serious problem in developing countries. The authors studied 881 patients who had undergone penetrating keratoplasty (total of 947 procedures) from January 1983 to March 1986 at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia. All patients were followed for at least 6 months. Clinical evidence of bacterial keratitis developed in 113 (11.9%) eyes with penetrating keratoplasties in 108 patients. The causative organisms among those patients included: Streptococcus pneumoniae, 29 (26%); Staphylococcus epidermidis, 24 (21%); Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 13 (12%); Staphylococcus aureus, 5 (4%); Hemophilus influenzae, 5 (4%); Moraxella spp, 5 (4%); alpha-hemolytic streptococcus, 5 (4%); and other bacteria, 27 (25%). In addition, postoperative epithelial defects that required hospital admission for treatment developed in 21 (2.2%) patients. Herpetic keratitis developed in three (0.3%) patients and fungal keratitis developed in 1 (0.1%). Statistically significant predisposing risk factors included: trichiasis (P less than 0.0001), epithelial defects (P less than 0.0001), soft contact lens wear (P less than 0.0001), and eroding sutures (P less than 0.0001). The authors believe that the incidence of postoperative bacterial keratitis can be minimized or avoided by appropriate selection of patients for penetrating keratoplasties as well as good preoperative and postoperative management of associated ocular conditions.
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PMID:Bacterial keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty. 306 24


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