Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

At present, there is no drug marketed in the United States for the treatment of herpes simplex, except for idoxuridine for the treatment of herpetic keratitis. The recent enthusiasm for the use of heterocyclice fluorescent dyes in conjunction with exposure to light (photodynamic inactivation) has diminished, and the efficacy of all available topical measures is being questioned. Of the numerous antiviral drugs being investigated, the following seem to show promise: idoxuridine, adenin arabinoside, trifluorothymidine, phosphonoacetic acid, and ribavirin. There are no vaccines available. Measures to stimulate immune response concern the use of levamisole hydrochloride, Interferon, Inosiplex and Transfer factor. Only adenine arabinoside will be available in the near future, and then only to serious life threatening infections. The marketing of other medications is several years in the future.
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PMID:[Recurrent herpes simplex. The situation in the United States]. 6 31

We describe experiments, using the multiple microinoculation technique, to produce superficial herpes simplex keratitis in the rabbit cornea, which showed a potent antiviral effect of acycloguanosine.
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PMID:Acycloguanosine: antiviral activity in the rabbit cornea. 8 55

Cathodal (-) iontophoresis of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-adenine 5'-monophosphate (vidarabine monophosphate; Ara-AMP) was performed once daily for 3 days for the treatment of experimental herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) keratitis in rabbit eyes, and the therapeutic efficacy was compared with that of topical treatment of Ara-AMP and idoxuridine (IDU) administered five times daily for 4 days. With the treatment initiated 24 hr after viral inoculation, Ara-AMP cathodal iontophoresis resulted in significant suppression of epithelial and anterior segment disease processes. Topical IDU (0.5%) or Ara-AMP (10%) also significantly improved the disease process when compared to the placebo-treated group; however, iontophoresis of Ara-AMP resulted in a more marked improvement. Slit-lamp examination indicated that iontophoresis did not cause any observable pathologic changes in corneal epithelium, stroma, conjunctiva, or iris of rabbit eyes. This experiment suggests that iontophoresis of Ara-AMP is a safe and effective approach for preventing the development of herpes simplex keratitis in rabbits.
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PMID:Effect of iontophoretic and topical application of antiviral agents in treatment of experimental HSV-1 keratitis in rabbits. 9 30

A herpes simplex stromal keratitis rabbit model, which was produced by intrastromal injection of live virus, was used to evaluate the effects of local antivirals on the natural course of the disease. Topical trifluridine (trifluorothymidine) and vidarabine monophosphate (adenine arabinoside monophosphate), when given early and frequently, suppressed the disease, indicating that viral replication was important in initiating the disease. However, seven days after the stromal disease had begun to develop, neither drug had an appreciable effect. Since the early drug effect had suggested adequate drug penetration, the abscence of drug effect later in the disease indicates that viral multiplication may not be important in maintaining the disease. Immunologic reactions may control the disease once the cornea is antigenically altered by the initial infection. Subconjunctivally injected trifluridine was not effective.
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PMID:Local antivirals in a herpes simplex stromal keratitis model. 10 13

Acycloguanosine, a recently developed compound with high inhibitory activity against viruses belonging to the herpes group, has been evaluated in experimental herpes simplex keratitis in rabbits in comparison with trifluorothymidine and preparations of idoxuridine and vidarabine at present in clinical use. All compunds were used in the form of ophthalmic ointments which were applied 5 times a day at intervals of 2 hours. Treatment began on the third day of infection and was continued for 4 days. Complete cure was obtained with acycloguanosine and idoxurdine; trifluorothymidine and vidarabine were considerably less effective. Acycloguanosine was equally effective when given intravenously in the form of its sodium salt, and could be detected in the tear fluid in inhibitory concentrations when given by mouth. The compound was relatively free from toxicity.
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PMID:Treatment of experimental herpes simplex keratitis with acycloguanosine. 11 5

Patients suffering from various corneal diseases and waiting for keratoplasty have been immunologically investigated in order to establish sensitisation to corneal antigens. The presence of lymphocytes sensitised to the soluble from human corneas, bovine corneal epithelium, and bovine corneal stroma, which all possess common antigenicity, could be demonstrated in 30%, 50%, and 23%, respectively, of all patients. In none of these patients could a positive plasma antibody titre to human corneal antigens be detected. The results suggest the dominance of T-lymphocyte activity. No correlation was found between the degree of corneal vascularisation and the presence of sensitised lymphocytes to human corneal antigens. Arrangement of the patients according to diagnosis showed that especially those suffering from herpes simplex virus keratitis reacted positively to human corneal antigens. A possible explanation is given. Lymphocytes of controls showed no or only very low stimulation with the soluble fractions of human corneas or bovine corneal stromas. The soluble fraction of bovine corneal epithelium stimulated the lymphocytes of 6 out of 19 controls. The elimination of the donor corneal epithelium before transplantation may be beneficial in view of the involvement of histocompatibility antigens.
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PMID:Immunological activity to different corneal antigens in patients with corneal diseases. 11 73

Twenty-two patients with active herpes simplex dendritic keratitis, in whom topical idoxuridine was unsuccessful in controlling their disease, were treated with topical adenine arabinoside (ara-A), a purine analogue effective against many DNA viruses. This drug was an effective antiviral agent in these patients. No signs of ocular or adnexal toxicity were noted.
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PMID:Adenine arabinoside in idoxuridine unresponsive and intolerant herpetic keratitis. 12 13

The author describes the phenomenon of convergent squint and ptosis of the upper eyelid caused by relasping herpetic keratitis have not been previously reported, although this possibility should be considered. This observation represents a contribution to the better understanding of herpetic eye disease in general as well as the eventual recognition of the toxic effect of the HSH virus on man in vivo. According to the author these ocular disturbances are provoked by the toxic effect of the human herpes simplex virus and are connected to its neurotropism.
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PMID:[Herpetic keratitis as a cause of disturbance of motility of the globe and upper lid (author's transl)]. 14 83

72 lamellar grafts for herpes simplex ocular infections have been performed. A retrospective study tries to specify the indications. Penetrating graft is the best for leucomae. The most difficult choice occurs with active herpetic disease. With lamellar grafts good results are obtained in stromal keratitis without deep involvement (visual acuity is 0.2 or more in 75 per cent of cases). When endothelio-uveal involvement, prognosis becomes uncertain in any type of keratoplasty: the authors think that the best method is to perform surgery after a few months of inactive disease.
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PMID:[Lamellar graft in the treatment of herpes simplex ocular (author's transl)]. 15 74

Fifteen cases of herpes simplex epithelial keratitis, which failed to heal following IDU therapy, were treated with Ara-A 3% ointment applied fives times daily. Epithelial disease resolved in fourteen cases with Ara-A and mean healing time was 6,6 days. No sign of ocular or adnexal toxicity were noted.
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PMID:[Adenine-arabinoside in the treatment of idu-resistant herpes simplex keratitis (author's transl)]. 15 54


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