Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review has sought to demonstrate that eosinophils have an important role in the immunopathology of onchocercal dermatitis and keratitis. The most compelling evidence is the consistent presence of eosinophils and eosinophil granule proteins at the site of tissue damage, either after parasite death or direct injection of parasite antigens. A more definitive role for eosinophils in onchocercal keratitis will be determined using IL-5 gene knockout mice (an animal model of onchocercal dermatitis has yet to be established). Identification of chemoattractants and adhesion molecules necessary for eosinophil recruitment will indicate possible approaches to immune intervention.
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PMID:Immunopathology of onchocerciasis: a role for eosinophils in onchocercal dermatitis and keratitis. 910 64

Travelers to West, central and eastern Africa as well as to selected areas of Latin America are at risk for infection with Onchocerca volvulus. Infection with this tissue nematode may cause chorioretinitis and keratitis, and it is responsible in endemic areas for blindness in millions.1 In addition to ocular manifestations, it can produce a distressing pruriginous dermatitis or subcutaneous nodules. Clinical manifestations vary according to the parasitic load, previous immunity, and duration of infection.1 Infection is initiated by inoculation with larvae during the bite of the Simulium black fly. Once in the connective tissue, larvae mature to filiform adults and may remain in tissues for years, with the clinical manifestations being produced by the inflammatory reaction to dying parasites. Female adults produce large amounts of microfilaria that migrate through skin and connective tissue; once an infected host is bitten, the infectious larvae develop again in the female Simulium black fly and the life cycle is completed. Transmission is from person to person, and may occur even after a relatively short exposure.2 Although infection of travelers with O. volvulus is rare, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 46 new cases of onchocerciasis were diagnosed in the United States in 1994 (Dr. David Addis, personal communication, June 1996). We describe the case of an expatriate who became infected with O. volvulus and we review the treatment and recommendations for prevention of this parasitic infection.
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PMID:Onchocerciasis in an expatriate living in Cameroon. 981 71

Presenilin (PS1) and (PS2) are the centers of gamma-secretase that release Abeta from APP in Alzheimer's disease (AD). They cleave signaling proteins like Notch and downregulate beta-catenin to modulate Wnt signaling. Inactivation of PS1 or PS1 and PS2 causes a prenatally lethal 'Notch phenotype,' which has hampered investigation of PS function in adulthood seriously. We have thus turned towards PS1+/-PS2-/- mice which carry the most severe reduction of PS alleles compatible with survival, to analyze the consequences of impaired PS function especially in adulthood. In these 'partial deficient' mice, PS1 protein concentration is considerably lowered, functionally reflected by reduced gamma-secretase activity and impaired beta-catenin downregulation. Their phenotype is normal up to approximately 6 months, when the majority of the mice develop an autoimmune disease characterized by dermatitis, glomerulonephritis, keratitis and vasculitis, as seen in human systemic lupus erythematosus. Besides B-cell dominated infiltrates, we observe a hypergammaglobulinemia with immune complex deposits in several tissues, high-titer nuclear autoantibodies and an increased CD4+/CD8+ ratio. The mice further develop a benign skin hyperplasia similar to human seborrheic keratosis as opposed to malignant keratocarcinomata observed in skin-specific PS1 'full' knockouts. A partial reduction of PS function in PS1+/-PS2-/- mice causes a novel phenotype in adulthood unrelated to the developmental defects of full knockouts. As PS1+/-PS2+/- mice remain healthy, this points towards a sharply defined minimum of PS function. Skin and immune system appear to be especially sensitive targets of impaired PS function and may need careful monitoring if gamma-secretase inhibitors are envisaged for treating AD.
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PMID:Partial loss of presenilins causes seborrheic keratosis and autoimmune disease in mice. 1512 3

Air bags, fitted in the majority of new automobiles, are safety devices activated when a sudden deceleration causes the ignition of a propellant cartridge containing sodium azide. The bag is inflated by nitrogen liberated during the combustion. Deployment releases various high-temperature gases, including nitrogen and carbon dioxide, and produces sodium hydroxide, a highly irritant alkaline substance. In about 7%-8% of cases, air bags cause dermatologic injuries such as traumatic lesions, irritant dermatitis, and chemical and thermal burns. Nondermatologic lesions, such as ocular damage (alkali keratitis, corneal abrasions), ear lesions, bone fractures, and contusive damage can also be caused by air bag deployment.
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PMID:Air bags and the skin. 1536 61

In order to determine the clinical and laboratory findings of Iranian patients with presumed hyper-immunoglobulin E syndrome (HIES), the medical records of 22 patients from 21 unrelated families, who had been registered in the Iranian Primary Immunodeficiency Registry, were observed. The median age of patients at the time of first symptom and at the time of diagnosis was 1 month and 52.5 months, respectively, with a median diagnosis delay of 70 months. 13 families had consanguineous marriages. IgE level was higher than 2000 IU/ml in all patients, ranging from >2000 to 80,000 IU/ml. The most commonly occurring manifestations were: eczema and dermatitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections, cutaneous abscesses, diarrhoea, deep abscesses, and otitis media. Other less frequent manifestations were: mucocutaneous candidiasis, sinusitis, cutaneous ulcers, Molluscum contagiosum, herpetic keratitis, onychomycosis, conjunctivitis, septic arthritis, and meningitis. Five patients were complicated by bronchiectasis due to recurrent pneumonia and 5 patients died because of severe infections and malignancy. The HIES is a multisystem disorder that affects especially cutaneous, respiratory, skeletal and the immune system. Although HIES is a rare condition, the recurrent infections should always raise a suspicion, which deserves further evaluation for detecting the syndrome.
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PMID:The clinical and laboratory survey of Iranian patients with hyper-IgE syndrome. 1700 35

Acanthamoeba species are known to cause 2 well-described entities: (1) granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), which usually affects immunocompromised hosts, and (2) keratitis, which typically follows trauma associated with contamination of water or contact lenses. Less common manifestations include pneumonitis and a subacute granulomatous dermatitis. We describe a case of granulomatous dermatitis secondary to Acanthamoeba infection in a lung transplant recipient and a successful outcome following treatment with lipid formulation of amphotericin B and voriconazole. We believe this is the second case report describing disseminated Acanthamoeba infection in a lung transplant recipient. We also describe successful outcome with a combination of lipid formulation of amphotericin B and voriconazole, drugs that have not been previously reported to treat Acanthamoeba.
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PMID:A case of successful treatment of cutaneous Acanthamoeba infection in a lung transplant recipient. 1731 73

Between 1996 and 2005 the carcasses of 355 harbour seals originating from the coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, were investigated for pathological changes. The animals were collected before (n=280) and after (n=75) the second phocine distemper virus (PDV) epizootic in 2002. The seals were either found dead or were killed due to severe illness. Necropsy was performed in each case, in addition to histopathological, immunohistochemical, microbiological and parasitological examinations. Throughout the period of study, the respiratory and alimentary tracts were the organ systems most consistently affected by pathological change. The most common cause of death was bronchopneumonia caused by parasitic and/or bacterial infection of the lung. Less frequently identified changes included: trauma, gastroenteritis, uterine torsion or dystocia, polyarthritis/polymyositis, intestinal torsion, septicaemia, dermatitis, and keratitis. The most frequent causes of bronchopneumonia, gastroenteritis, polyarthritis, dermatitis and septicaemia were infections with alpha/beta-haemolytic streptococci, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. A number of changes were more frequently identified after 2002. These included the presence of parasites in the lung, stomach and intestine; bronchopneumonia, gastritis, enteritis, septicaemia and perinatal death. The increased prevalence of these changes may have been related to the preceding PDV epidemic.
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PMID:Pathological findings in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina): 1996-2005. 1762 67

Hypogammaglobulinemia develops in 3 to 6% of patients with thymoma and this association is commonly referred to as thymoma with immunodeficiency (formerly Good syndrome). Recurrent infections with encapsulated bacteria and opportunistic infections associated with disorders of both humoral and cell mediated immunity frequently occur in this rare primary, adult-onset immunodeficiency. We report a case of thymoma with immunodeficiency complicated by disseminated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and review five additional cases of HSV-related infections reported since 1966 in patients presenting with thymoma with immunodeficiency. Patients presented with epiglottitis, keratitis, recurrent genital herpes, ulcerative dermatitis, and acute hepatitis. Four of the six cases had a fatal outcome, two of which were directly attributable to HSV infection. Since the risk of invasive opportunistic infections is high and the presentation atypical, lymphocyte count and total serum immunoglobulin should be measured regularly in all patients presenting with thymoma with immunodeficiency.
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PMID:Thymoma, immunodeficiency, and herpes simplex virus infections. 1926 57

Acanthamoeba species are widely distributed free-living amoebae showing an increased role as human pathogens causing encephalitis, keratitis, pneumonitis and dermatitis. A haematopoietic stem cell transplanted (HSCT) patient developed purulent meningitis while awaiting regrafting. The meningitis was thought to be an endogenous infection arising from the mucous membranes primarily involving the cervicofacial regions, probably due to haematogenous spread facilitated by surgery. We diagnosed a fatal case of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba castellanii by direct microscopy of a cerebrospinal fluid sample (CSF), Acanthamoeba cultivation, Giemsa staining, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing.
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PMID:Ante mortem diagnosis of amoebic encephalitis in a haematopoietic stem cell transplanted patient. 1947 35

Blepharitis is a common inflammatory disease of the eyelid. Posterior blepharitis affects the posterior lamella of the eyelid and involves inflammation of the meibomian glands, whereas anterior blepharitis affects the anterior lamella of the eyelid and the eyelashes; either version can be inflammatory or infectious in nature. Each of these conditions can incite or propagate the other; anterior blepharitis, if not treated, can lead to meibomian gland disease, and vice versa. Blepharitis is typically chronic, and can be associated with a variety of systemic diseases such as dermatitis, as well as ocular diseases such as dry eye, conjunctivitis, or keratitis. The standard treatment regimen historically consists of lid hygiene with warm compresses and eyelid scrubs, although these treatment modalities may have limited efficacy for many patients, especially those with more severe disease. Adjunctive treatment includes systemic and topical antibiotics, topical corticosteroids, and tear replacement therapy. Topical antibiotics are recommended to decrease the bacterial load, and topical corticosteroids may help in cases of severe inflammation. Azithromycin ophthalmic solution 1% in DuraSite((R)) (AzaSite((R)); Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Durham, North Carolina, USA) has been proposed as a novel treatment for posterior blepharitis, based on its well-known anti-infective profile, its anti-inflammatory properties, its excellent tissue penetration, and its regulatory approval for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. This review focuses on an off-label indication for topical azithromycin 1% in DuraSite for the treatment of blepharitis.
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PMID:Azithromycin in DuraSite for the treatment of blepharitis. 2068 82


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