Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The nonophthalmic physician confronted by a patient with a red eye should be able to distinguish common microbial or allergic conjunctivitis from potentially blinding disorders, such as acute angle closure glaucoma, uveitis, or herpes simplex keratitis, and should remain alert for an associated systemic disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, polycythemia, or carotid cavernous fistula. The physician should approach the red eye systematically: take a careful history, including type of pain; measure visual acuity; observe the pattern of redness, the type of discharge, the shape of the pupil, and the opacities of the media; and measure the intraocular pressure.
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PMID:The red eye. 30 93

Tears are absorbed by a tuft of cotton and subjected to stix test for leucocyte-esterase (L), nitrite (N), haemoglobin (H), and albumin (A). Testing of 84 cases of infectious conjunctivitis and 282 normals revealed nosographic sensitivity to L in 89% and a specificity of 98%. By including N (only 26% positive with infectious conjunctivitis) and H the sensitivity rose to 98% while the specificity fell to 95%. A was generally raised in cases of infectious conjunctivitis. An additional number of 607 stix tests were carried out on a clinical series. The reaction was controlled before, during, and after cataract extraction. Conjunctivitis patients were observed for possible infection, the result of antibiotic treatment was studied, and contact lens wearers were controlled for infection. Predominantly stix-positive reaction was noticed in keratitis, allergic conjunctivitis, and ocular prosthesis socket. Predominantly negative reaction was seen in chronic simple conjunctivitis, sicca, scleritis, and iritis, the latter despite pronounced ciliary hyperaemia. Contralateral reflexly induced L and H were rendered probable. H-positive reaction predominated immediately after removal of suture. The tear stix test is easy to carry out, reasonably precise, and valuable in the clinical work.
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PMID:Tear stix tests for leucocyte-esterase, nitrite, haemoglobin, and albumin in normals and in a clinical series. 265 63

The patient with a red eye constitutes a very common clinical problem encountered in the Emergency Department setting. Conjunctivitis, the most common cause of the red eye, generally is not associated with disturbance of vision or associated ocular pain. If either of these symptoms is present, a more serious disorder must be suspected. Treatment of infectious conjunctivitis is guided by interpretation of a Gram's stain and subsequent culture of any exudate present. Initial treatment of most cases includes use of topical antibiotic and local comfort measures. Complications of infectious conjunctivitis include more invasive disease such as keratitis or abscess formation, with potential corneal perforation and destruction. All patients should be referred for ophthalmologic followup, both to assess adequacy of treatment and to treat unexpected complications. Remember that allergic conjunctivitis is a common condition that responds to antihistamine decongestant medications given orally or topically. Occasionally these conditions are caused by self-prescribed use of ocular medication, and discontinuation of all eye medication is required. Corticosteroid eye drops are rarely indicated and should be used only at the direction of an ophthalmologist. When the diagnosis is uncertain, treatment is best withheld, as "shotgun" therapy is seldom beneficial.
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PMID:The red eye. 327 86

The single radial immunodiffusion technique was modified to determine tear complement component C3 with small sample volume. The C3 levels in the tears from 18 normal subjects and 42 patients with ocular diseases were determined using this method. In the normal subjects, the mean level of tear C3 was 5.12 mg per 100 ml. The physiological level of tear C3 was estimated to be less than 10 mg per 100 ml from the results in normal subjects and patients with noninflammatory ocular diseases. The cases of severe inflammatory diseases such as antiviral keratoconjunctivitis, herpetic keratitis and acute catarrhal conjunctivitis showed a high level of C3 in the tears. The C3 level was relatively low in the cases of mild inflammatory diseases such as allergic conjunctivitis. These results indicated that protein concentration of C3 in the tear was proportional to the severity of inflammation of the anterior ocular segment.
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PMID:Complement levels in human tears. 713 31

External ocular disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can often be overlooked by the eye care practitioner. Different types of external ocular disease can be an indication of the patient's overall immune status as well as the stage of HIV infection. The external ocular sequelae of HIV infection can be of visual consequence for the patient. Eye care practitioners need to become familiar with these conditions. The diagnosis and management of the following ocular conditions associated with HIV infection are reviewed: conjunctival microvascular disease, dry eye, allergic conjunctivitis, microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, herpes simplex keratitis, molluscum contagiosum, fungal keratitis, bacterial keratoconjunctivitis, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS).
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PMID:Review of external ocular disease associated with aids and HIV infection. 872 88

Lyme disease is a multisystem disorder caused by infection with the Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete. The diagnosis of Lyme disease usually is based on several clinical criteria, with supportive data from laboratory testing. The presence of the bullseye skin lesion, erythema migrans, is the single pathognomonic criterion. In the 20 years since the initial description of Lyme disease in the United States, B. burgdorferi has been implicated as an etiologic agent in numerous ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic syndromes, involving most structures from the cornea to the cranial nerves. Neuro-ophthalmic and ocular manifestations of Lyme disease include meningitis with papilledema, cranial neuropathies, follicular conjunctivitis, nummular keratitis, and intraocular inflammation. Although an association with Lyme disease has been purported for numerous other syndromes, a definite causal relationship has not been proved in many cases. During a period of rapidly increasing awareness of Lyme disease, a high index of suspicion and poorly defined criteria for its presence have resulted in over-diagnosis of Lyme disease. In the authors' experience, the incorrect diagnosis of Lyme disease initially has been made in patients with allergic conjunctivitis, keratoconus, morning glory syndrome, craniopharyngioma, meningioma, CNS lymphoma, paraneoplastic syndrome, multiple sclerosis, sarcoid, syphilis, and functional illness. Nevertheless, this treatable infection must be an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of certain ocular or neurologic diseases.
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PMID:Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of Lyme disease. 917 82

In 3 patients under local pilocarpine medication, corneal marginal infiltration and limbic ulcerations were noted that were typical for allergic marginal keratitis. A classical allergic conjunctivitis was present in every case. They healed after pilocarpine instillations were suspended and local corticosteroids together with oral antihistaminic drugs were applied. Marginal allergic erosions of the cornea is another form of secondary complication in patients using pilocarpine.
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PMID:[Erosive marginal keratitis due to pilocarpine allergy]. 1064 Nov 8

Ophthalmic allergoses belong to highly prevalent ocular diseases. According to the records of the first center of allergic diseases of the eye set up in 1971 at Helmholtz Institute of Ocular Diseases in Moscow, the most prevalent clinical forms are seasonal pollenosis conjunctivitis, drug allergies, spring keratoconjunctivitis, large-papillary conjunctivitis, chronic allergic conjunctivitis, allergy associated with the "dry eye" syndrome, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, and ocular involvement in systemic immune diseases. Therapy of ocular allergies is based on the three main principles: removal of the allergen responsible for disease, immunotherapy, and symptomatic drug therapy. The main agents used in local antiallergic therapy are antihistaminic drugs (antasoline and acelastin), drugs inhibiting mast cell degranulation (chromoglycates and lodoxamide), and accessory drugs: corticosteroids (dexamethasone and deosonide), nonsteroid antiinflammatory agents (diclofenak), immunosuppressants (cyclosporin), and vasoconstrictors (tetrisoline). Antiallergic drugs can be used as monotherapy or in combinations, as they differ by the mechanism of action. Antiallergic drugs are used with good results in combined therapy of infectious conjunctivitis and keratitis.
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PMID:[New aspects in drug therapy of ocular allergies]. 1122 68

We describe a case of keratitis caused by a new species of the hyphomycetous genus Sarcopodium, S. oculorum. The corneal ulcer developed after 5 months of treatment with corticosteroids in a Brazilian boy diagnosed with allergic conjunctivitis. Fungal hyphae and conidia were detected in corneal scrapings, and repeated cultures were positive for this fungus. The infection was resolved with natamycin and ketoconazole. Eleven antifungals were tested against this fungus, and all except flucytosine and fluconazole showed in vitro activity.
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PMID:Corneal ulcer caused by the new fungal species Sarcopodium oculorum. 1214 84

Complications associated with contact lenses range from mild to severe and occur with all lens modalities. Contact lens wear can cause a change in corneal physiology, which can lead to epithelial, stromal, and endothelial compromise. Other complications include lens deposition, allergic conjunctivitis, giant papillary conjunctivitis, peripheral infiltrates, microbial keratitis, and neovascularization. Pre-existing conditions can contribute to these complications, or they can occur in association with contact lens wear and care regimens. Patient-related factors, such as alteration of the recommended wearing or replacement schedules and noncompliance with recommended contact lens care regimens for economic reasons, convenience, or in error, contribute to contact lens-related complications and have led to difficulty in accurate determination of complication rates among the various lens wear modalities. Complications may require discontinuation of contact lenses, topical therapy, and changes in contact lens wearing schedules, materials, and care solutions. On initial lens fitting and follow-up evaluations, practitioners should review contact lens replacement and cleaning regimens with patients and discuss complications. To avoid serious complications, patients should be reminded to remove their contact lenses as soon as ocular irritation occurs, and to call their eye care practitioner immediately if symptoms persist.
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PMID:Contact lens complications. 1456 68


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