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Query: UMLS:C0022568 (keratitis)
 5,133 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We developed a murine model of ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease which is particularly suited for testing stromal keratitis because most animals show some evidence of infection. Using this model, we characterized the ocular disease patterns caused by ten recent low-passage clinical isolates of HSV-1, as well as those caused by the established laboratory strains HSV-1 KOS and HSV-2 333. Viral strains were evaluated for their ability to cause stromal keratitis, blepharitis, vascularization of the cornea, and mortality. The model was not useful for scoring epithelial keratitis. The ocular disease caused by the recent isolates ranged from very mild disease to severe stromal keratitis. Some of the recent isolates caused disease as severe as the two laboratory strains. A comparison of the virulence characteristics expressed by various HSV strains indicated that the ability to cause stromal disease was correlated with vascularization of the cornea (correlation coefficient = 0.797, P less than 0.001) and was not correlated with the neurovirulence of the strains (correlation coefficient 0.045, P greater than 0.05). The severity of stromal keratitis was not dependent on the amount of inoculum over the range tested and a strain causing severe stromal keratitis caused severe ocular disease even when mixed with a nonstromal strain at ratios of 10:1, 100:1, and 1000:1.
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PMID:Herpes simplex virus stromal keratitis is not titer-dependent and does not correlate with neurovirulence. 255 53

The relationship between enhanced cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to staphylococcal antigens, expressed as delayed hypersensitivity (DH), and the development of catarrhal infiltrates at the limbus in the rabbit has been explored by others. This DH is required for infiltrates to develop in the rabbit cornea when it is exposed to conjunctival inoculation with live Staphylococcus aureus cells. Similar investigations have not been pursued in the human, although St. aureus has been isolated from lids of patients with sterile marginal ulcers. We have tested 69 patients with blepharitis, eleven with and 58 without associated symptomatic marginal keratitis, for DH to killed whole cells of St. aureus and St. epidermidis and protein A; quantitative cultures have also been collected from lids and conjunctivae. Preliminary findings show that nine out of 11 patients with symptomatic marginal keratitis, requiring treatment with steroids, have enhanced DH to St. aureus cell wall antigens. We suggest the hypothesis that this type of marginal keratitis in the human is the result of enhanced CMI at the limbus to St. aureus cell wall antigens.
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PMID:Staphylococcal infection and the limbus: study of the cell-mediated immune response. 262 Jul 48

Epikeratophakia continues to be an extremely attractive option for younger children with unilateral aphakia who are noncompliant users of contact lenses but who are young enough to benefit from amblyopia therapy. The epikeratophakia procedure is much safer than IOL implantation. The epikeratophakia tissue lens is especially useful for children with traumatic aphakia and corneal lacerations because the lens can strengthen and smooth the cornea as well as correct the aphakia. This allows much quicker rehabilitation than could be accomplished with contact lenses. The epikeratophakia procedure may be combined with a cataract extraction and should be in those children with acquired cataracts who demonstrate contact lens noncompliance in an office trial of contact lens insertion before operation. Epikeratophakia should be used with caution in neonates and young infants because of the rapid growth of the eye. Extended-wear contact lenses are a safer option for these children, and epikeratophakia can be performed as a secondary procedure if and when problems with contact lens compliance arise. Surface ocular problems such as uncontrolled dry eyes or severe blepharitis will continue to be incompatible with the survival of epikeratophakia tissue lenses. Children who are treated with high doses of radiation for orbital tumors such as rhabdomyosarcomas invariably develop radiation cataracts, which can occur before the onset of radiation keratitis. These children do not do well with epikeratophakia tissue lenses. Likewise, children with severe metabolic disturbances who are not healthy or gaining weight have a diminished chance of graft healing, as do children with poor vision in whom oculodigital autostimulation produces persistent epithelial defects, which prevent survival of the tissue lens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Update on epikeratophakia in children. 264 36

A diagnostic hybridization assay for detecting herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in ocular specimens was developed using cloned viral DNA as a probe. This hybridization assay is based on visualizing a biotinylated probe that is hybridized to the target DNA by a streptavidin/alkaline phosphatase system. The time required for performing this assay system is only two days. This assay system could detect a probe which had been hybridized to as little as 1 pg of homologous DNA and did not cross-react with DNA of other human herpes viruses except that of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) which showed weak cross-reactivity. The assay system was applied to experimental keratitis in albino rabbits and clinical specimens. In experimental keratitis in rabbits it was possible to detect HSV-1 DNA in the eye swab samples at least until the ninth day after virus inoculation. Five clinical specimens collected from patients with corneal ulcer or blepharitis contained HSV-1 DNA in spite of the failure of demonstration of viral antigen and/or virus isolation in two cases.
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PMID:Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 in herpetic ocular diseases by DNA-DNA hybridization using a biotinylated DNA probe. 284 77

The spread of herpes simplex virus (HSV) through neural tissues was studied in three inbred mouse strains that differ in susceptibility to HSV stromal keratitis. The left eyes of BALB/c, C57BL/6, and DBA/2 mice were inoculated topically with HSV type 1. The optic and trigeminal nerves, trigeminal ganglia, and eyes were assayed for infectious virus on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11 and 14 after inoculation. At 2-4 months post-inoculation, eyes and trigeminal ganglia were assayed for latent virus. Up to 7 days post-inoculation, infectious virus was present at a similar frequency in the inoculated eyes of mice from all three strains. The quantity of virus recovered, however, was mouse strain-dependent: DBA mice yielded the most virus; C57BL/6, the least. The frequency of virus recovery and the quantity of virus recovered from trigeminal nerves and ganglia also varied according to mouse strain. Infectious virus was recovered from the uninoculated right eye of some DBA and C57BL/6 mice 1 wk after inoculation. The overall incidence of latency differed among inbred mouse strains. However, in mice that developed ocular disease (blepharitis, dendritic keratitis, or stromal keratitis), there was no host strain-related difference in the incidence of latency. These results support the hypothesis that host genetic factors play a role in controlling HSV replication and the spread of virus to neural tissues after ocular HSV inoculation. This control may influence the development and severity of disease. However, once infection occurs, latency is established in both susceptible and resistant mouse strains.
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PMID:Spread of HSV and establishment of latency after corneal infection in inbred mice. 300 Sep 75

The effects of passive immunization with specific monoclonal antibodies against herpes simplex virus glycoproteins gB, gC, gD, and gE on the course of herpetic keratitis, survival and the establishment of latency in an outbred mouse model are described. A total of nine monoclonal antibodies were tested in these experiments. Passive immunization at 24 or 48 hours post-inoculation had little effect on the severity of the initial epithelial infection of the cornea, but blocked dissemination of the virus to the central nervous system and periocular tissues and prevented development of blepharitis, iritis and stromal keratitis. Additional studies are needed to characterize these monoclonal antibodies in greater detail, and to define the mechanism of these protective effects.
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PMID:Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies against herpes simplex virus glycoproteins protects mice against herpetic ocular disease. 303 Jun 42

Superficial stromal keratitis or pannus is a syndrome of corneal, conjunctival and third eyelid inflammation. Superficial stromal keratitis mainly presents as a subepithelial corneal infiltration of vascular connective tissue, and usually arises from the lateral (temporal) limbal area. In some dogs perilimbal hyperaemia and third eyelid blepharitis can be present without corneal involvement. The most commonly affected breed of dog is the German Shepherd. Most cases of superficial stromal keratitis can be controlled with topical corticosteroids, and only rarely is cryosurgery or superficial keratectomy required to remove excessive pigment and or granulation tissue. The precise aetiology of SSK is unknown, but is likely to be multifactorial, with sunlight being a significant factor. Corneal lipidosis and keratoconjunctivitis sicca can occur secondary to superficial stromal keratitis.
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PMID:Superficial stromal keratitis in the dog. 305 8

Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers University discovered the first aminoglycoside antibiotic, streptomycin, in 1943. Other aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin and tobramycin, soon followed. Tobramycin is compatible with most intravenous fluids and tear substitutes, but it is incompatible with heparin and some beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporins. Due to tobramycin's broad spectrum of activity, it has proven useful in controlling both superficial and deep infections of the eye and ocular adnexa (i.e., blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis, and endophthalmitis). However, since tobramycin has been associated with neuromuscular blockade, as well as possessing ototoxic and nephrotoxic effects, care must be taken to minimize toxicity by monitoring patients undergoing systemic tobramycin therapy.
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PMID:Tobramycin in ophthalmology. 331 53

Tear film flow and stability studies were carried out in patients suffering from herpes simplex keratitis and chronic blepharitis by performing Schirmer test I and tear film break-up-time (BUT) measurements. In herpes simplex keratitis the values of BUT were within normal limits. Values of Schirmer test I were significantly higher (t-test, P less than 0.001) in these patients and are considered to be due to reflex hypersecretion of tears. Schirmer test I was found to be unaffected, whereas the values of BUT seen were significantly lower (t-test, P less than 0.001) in patients suffering from chronic blepharitis. These lower values of BUT can perhaps be attributed to the altered resurfacing of precorneal tear film as a result of changes in the lid margins.
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PMID:Tear film flow and stability in herpes simplex keratitis and chronic blepharitis. 381 61

80 strains were isolated from patients with herpetic ocular infection during the period May 1979 to May 1981: 17 patients with herpetic blepharitis, 40 patients with superficial keratitis and 23 with deep stromal keratitis or kerato-uveitis. Among 63 patients treated with antiviral agents, clinical resistance to the drug was observed in 17 cases. The strains were typed as HSV 1.1, 1.2 or 2.2 by seroneutralization and thermosensitivity in cellular cultures. No relationship between the viral types and the patient age, previous history of corticosteroid therapy and the response of ocular lesions to antiviral treatment were detected. It appeared that there was a relationship between the viral type and the clinical type of infection: 70% of herpetic blepharitis and 83% of superficial keratitis were due to HSV 1.1 while 71% of stromal keratitis were due to HSV 1.2. No HSV 2.2 was isolated. These results seem to support the hypothesis that genetic differences between herpetic virus strains may determine their virulence.
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PMID:[Evaluation of 80 virologically-confirmed cases of ocular herpes. Study of the correlation between the type of virus and the epidemiologic characteristics of the disease]. 632 67


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