Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022116 (ischemia)
 91,303 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent studies have indicated that tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunit 2A (NR2A) by Src family kinases (Src, Fyn, etc.) up-regulates NMDA receptors activity and postsynaptic density protein 95 kDa (PSD95) may mediate the regulation. To investigate whether the above processes are involved in brain ischemia-induced enhancement of NMDA receptors function, we examined the effects of transient (15 min) brain ischemia followed by reperfusion on interactions involving Fyn, NR2A and PSD95 in rat hippocampus by co-immunoprecipitation. Transient brain ischemia was induced by the method of four-vessel occlusion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Association between Fyn and NR2A increased immediately after brain ischemia and the increase was maintained for at least 24 h during followed reperfusion, up to about 1.7-1.8-fold relative to sham-groups. The 15-min reperfusion after brain ischemia induced enhanced co-immunoprecipitation of PSD95, Fyn and NR2A with one another. The associations of PSD95 with Fyn and NR2A increased at 0-24 h, 0-1 h of reperfusion, up to 6.9- and 2.1-fold relative to sham groups, respectively. Inhibiting activation of NMDA receptors or L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCC) by ketamine or nifedipine attenuated the above increases of associations. These results suggest that stimulation of NMDA receptors and L-VGCC facilitates formation of a ternary complex: Fyn-PSD95-NR2A during transient brain ischemia followed by reperfusion, which may result in potentiation of NMDA receptor function and contribute to ischemic neuronal cell death.
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PMID:Activation of NMDA receptors and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels mediates enhanced formation of Fyn-PSD95-NR2A complex after transient brain ischemia. 1241 28

In this study, we investigated the effects of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) on the tyrosine phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2A (NR2A) and the interactions among NR2A, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), Fyn/Src after brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). The following results were observed: (1) the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A induced by I/R was suppressed by genistein, an inhibitor of PTK, but was further enhanced by sodium orthovanadate, an inhibitor of PTP, which were administered to the SD rats 20 min before ischemia. (2) Importantly, genistein and sodium orthovanadate increased and decreased the interactions involving NR2A, PSD-95, Fyn and Src, respectively. These results demonstrated that PTK and PTP were involved in regulating tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A through changing the interaction among NR2A, PSD-95, Fyn/Src.
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PMID:Tyrosine kinase and tyrosine phosphatase participate in regulation of interactions of NMDA receptor subunit 2A with Src and Fyn mediated by PSD-95 after transient brain ischemia. 1261 93

The effects of suppression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) expression on the increased tyrosine phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2A and interactions of Src and Fyn with NR2A after brain ischemia were investigated by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Transient (15 min) brain ischemia was induced by the four-vessel occlusion method in Sprague-Dawley rats. Intracerebroventricular infusion of PSD-95 antisense oligonucleotides (every 24 h for 3 days before ischemia), but not missense oligonucleotides or vehicle, not only markedly decreased the protein level of PSD-95 but also attenuated the elevated tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A and interactions of Src and Fyn with NR2A induced by 6 h of reperfusion following ischemia in the hippocampus. The protein levels of NR2A, Src and Fyn had no differences under the above conditions. These data suggested that PSD-95 is critical for facilitating NR2A tyrosine phosphorylation by Src family kinases in postischemic brain.
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PMID:Suppression of postsynaptic density protein 95 expression attenuates increased tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and interactions of Src and Fyn with NR2A after transient brain ischemia in rat hippocampus. 1275 80

Recently, the neuroprotective effects of lithium against excitotoxicity mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been demonstrated. Since brain ischemia results in NMDA receptor over-excitation and Src family protein tyrosine kinase-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of NMDA receptor subunit 2A (NR2A) enhances NMDA receptor activity, we examined the effects of lithium on tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A and its interactions with Src and Fyn (two members of the Src family of protein tyrosine kinases) mediated by PSD-95 (postsynaptic density protein 95 kDa) after 6 h of reperfusion following 15 min of ischemia (I/R), which was induced by occlusion of the four vessels in Sprague-Dawley rats. After abdominal injection of LiCl (2 mg/kg) for 7 days, the data showed that together with the significant decrease in I/R-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2A, the interactions of NR2A with Src and Fyn mediated by PSD-95 were also decreased significantly. However, lithium pretreatment did not alter the total protein levels of NR2A, Src, Fyn and PSD-95. These results suggest that the inhibition of NR2A tyrosine phosphorylation and its interactions with Src and Fyn mediated by PSD-95 may contribute to the lithium-induced downregulation of NMDA receptor function and provide neuroprotection against excitotoxicity.
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PMID:Lithium reduced N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 2A tyrosine phosphorylation and its interactions with Src and Fyn mediated by PSD-95 in rat hippocampus following cerebral ischemia. 1293 24

Recent study has indicated that postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) promotes Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-mediated serine phosphorylation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). To investigate whether PSD95 is involved in the brain ischemia-induced enhancement of serine phosphorylation of nNOS by CaMKII in rat hippocampus, we examined the interactions among CaMKIIalpha, PSD95 and nNOS, and the effects of suppression of PSD95 expression on both the increased serine phosphorylation of nNOS and the interactions mentioned above by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. The following results were observed: (1) brain ischemia increased markedly the interactions of CaMKIIalpha and nNOS with PSD95. (2) Intracerebroventricular infusion of PSD95 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, but not missense oligodeoxynucleotides or vehicle, not only significantly decreased the protein level of PSD95 but also attenuated the elevated serine phosphorylation of nNOS and the interactions among CaMKIIalpha, PSD95 and nNOS induced by 15 min ischemia. These data suggested that PSD95 is important for facilitating nNOS serine phosphorylation by CaMKII.
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PMID:Postsynaptic density protein 95 mediates Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-activated serine phosphorylation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase during brain ischemia in rat hippocampus. 1473 65

Recent studies have indicated that cerebral ischemia induces rapid serine phosphorylation of synaptic RAS-GTPase activating protein (SynGAP) by calcium/Camodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in rat hippocampus. To further illustrate the mechanisms underlying these processes, we examined the effects of transient (15 min) brain ischemia followed by reperfusion (0, 30 min, 6 h, 1, 3 days) on serine phosphorylation of SynGAP and interactions involving SynGAP, postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) and CaMKII in rat hippocampus. Transient brain ischemia was induced by the method of four-vessel occlusion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Serine phosphorylation of SynGAP increased immediately after brain ischemia and peaked at 30-min reperfusion, and the increase was maintained for 3 days. The association among SynGAP, PSD95 and CaMKII had a similar trend as serine phosphorylation of SynGAP. Intracrebroventricular infusion of PSD95 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide not only markedly decreased the protein levels of PSD95 but also attenuated the elevated serine phosphorylation of SynGAP and the associations among SynGAP, PSD95 and CaMKII induced by 30-min reperfusion following 15-min brain ischemia. The results suggest that the serine phosphorylation of SynGAP catalyzed by CaMKII is immediately increased and that PSD95 is critical for promoting SynGAP serine phosphorylation after transient brain ischemia.
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PMID:PSD-95 promotes CaMKII-catalyzed serine phosphorylation of the synaptic RAS-GTPase activating protein SynGAP after transient brain ischemia in rat hippocampus. 1504 63

It has been indicated that Pyk2/Src signaling pathway is involved in modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-type (NMDA) glutamate receptor activity. Lithium protects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in cultured neurons and in animal models of diseases. The neuroprotection against excitotoxicity afforded by lithium is time-dependent, requiring treatment for 6-7 days for maximal effect. In this study, we examined the time-course and the effect of lithium on Tyr-402 phosphorylation of Pyk2 and Tyr-416 phosphorylation of Src as well as the association of Pyk2 and NMDA receptor subunit 2A (NR2A) mediated by postsynaptic density protein 95 kDa (PSD-95) in the condition of cerebral ischemia, which was induced by occlusion of the four vessels in Sprague-Dawley rats. At 6 h of reperfusion following 15 min of ischemia (I/R), the effects induced by chronic lithium were observed, including the decrease in enhanced Tyr-402 phosphorylation of Pyk2, the inhibition in increased Tyr-416 phosphorylation of Src and the attenuation in enhanced interactions of Pyk2 and PSD-95 with NR2A. Our results further suggest that the activated Pyk2 potentiates NMDA receptor function during transient brain ischemia followed by reperfusion and the above inhibition induced by lithium is likely to result in the inactivation of NMDA receptor and contributes to the neuroprotection against excitotoxicity.
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PMID:Lithium suppressed Tyr-402 phosphorylation of proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2) and interactions of Pyk2 and PSD-95 with NR2A in rat hippocampus following cerebral ischemia. 1523 60

Our previous investigation has shown that postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) is critical for the Src family kinases-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit 2A (NR2A) in the postischemic hippocampus. To clarify the roles of PSD-95 in the ischemic brain damage, histological method was performed to examine the effects of PSD-95 antisense oligonucleotides (AS) on the postischemic delayed cell death in rat hippocampus. Transient (15 min) brain ischemia was induced by the four-vessel occlusion method in Sprague-Dawley rats. Five days of reperfusion following brain ischemia (I/R5d) led to hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cell death upward of 90%. Intracerebroventricular infusion of AS (every 24 h for 3 days before ischemia) not only decreased the PSD-95 expression but also increased the number of surviving pyramidal neurons, while missense oligonucleotides (MS) had no effects. To further investigate the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotection of PSD-95 deficiency, the interaction of proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) with NR2A as well as autophosphorylation (Tyr402) of Pyk2 were detected. Immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis showed that preischemic treatment with AS, but not MS or vehicle, attenuated the I/R6h-induced increases in Pyk2-NR2A association and Pyk2 autophosphorylation. The protein levels of NR2A and Pyk2 had no differences under the above conditions. Our data suggest that the recruitments of ion channels and signaling molecules may be involved in the PSD-95 neurotoxicity in the postischemic hippocampus.
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PMID:Suppression of postsynaptic density protein 95 by antisense oligonucleotides diminishes postischemic pyramidal cell death in rat hippocampal CA1 subfield. 1597 Mar 82

Mixed lineage kinase-3 (MLK3) is a recently described member of the MLK subfamily of Ser/Thr protein kinases that interacts with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In this study, we investigated the translocation of MLK3 during transient cerebral ischemia in rat hippocampus. Transient brain ischemia was induced by the four-vessel occlusion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Our data show that MLK3 can translocate from cytosolic fraction to the membrane fraction during ischemia and the increased MLK3 in the membrane fraction bind to postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95). The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) could inhibit the translocation of MLK3 from cytosolic fraction to the membrane fraction and decrease the interactions of MLK3 and PSD-95 in the membrane fraction. Consequently, these results indicate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) was closely associated with MLK3 translocation induced by transient global ischemia in rat hippocampus.
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PMID:N-Acetylcysteine inhibit the translocation of mixed lineage kinase-3 from cytosol to plasma membrane during transient brain ischemia in rat hippocampus. 1615 87

Kainate receptor glutamate receptor 6 (GluR6) binds to the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95), which in turn anchors mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) via SH3 domain in rat brain tissue. MLK3 subsequently activates c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) via MAP kinase kinases (MKKs). We investigated the association of PSD-95 with GluR6 and MLK3, MLK3 autophosphorylation, the interaction of MLK3 with JNK3, and JNK3 phosphorylation following cerebral ischemia in rat hippocampus. Our results indicate that the GluR6.PSD-95.MLK3 complex peaked at 6 h of reperfusion. Furthermore, MLK3 autophosphorylation and the interaction of MLK3 with JNK3 occurred with the alteration of GluR6.PSD-95.MLK3 signaling module. To further prove whether JNK3 activation in ischemic hippocampus is mediated by GluR6.PSD-95.MLK3 signaling pathway, the AMPA/KA receptor antagonist 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2, (1H, 4H)-dione (DNQX), the GluR6 antagonist 6,7,8,9-Tetrahydro-5-nitro-1H-benz[g]indole-2,3-dione-3-oxime (NS102), the AMPA receptor antagonist 1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzo diazepine (GYKI52466), and the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine were given to the rats 20 min prior to ischemia. Our findings indicate that both DNQX and NS102 significantly attenuated the association of PSD-95 with GluR6 and MLK3, MLK3 autophosphorylation, interaction of MLK3 with JNK3, and JNK3 phosphorylation, while GYKI52466 and ketamine had no effect. Moreover, administration of NS102 before cerebral ischemia significantly increased the number of the surviving hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells at 5 days of reperfusion. Consequently, GluR6, one subunit of kainate receptor, plays a critical role in inducing JNK3 activation after ischemic injury.
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PMID:Activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 3 is mediated by the GluR6.PSD-95.MLK3 signaling module following cerebral ischemia in rat hippocampus. 1625 62


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