Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0022116 (ischemia)
 91,303 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report on a 5-year-old child who survived an intracerebral crisis, following ketoacidosis-revealing diabetes (DKA), with visual impairment due to a vascular occipital lesion. Two and 4 months after the initial episode, a unique hypothalamopituitary disorder consisting in GH, ACTH, TSH deficiencies and central precocious puberty, was detected. Cranial magnetic resonance images showed no visible lesion in the hypothalamopituitary region. The most likely hypothesis is the ischemia of hypothalamopituitary and occipital regions following possible cerebral edema after hyperhydration. She survived with low visual acuteness and received a combined replacement therapy for the neuroendocrinological deficiencies. This case emphasizes that the rehydration at the initial period of DKA is critical, especially when risk factors for cerebral edema are present (young age, marked hyponatremia). The neuroendocrinological consequences of acute cerebral edema are rare, but physicians must be attentive in survivors of these accidents.
 ...
PMID:Hypothalamopituitary deficiency and precocious puberty following hyperhydration in diabetic ketoacidosis. 132 5

A rare case is presented of a woman with spontaneous recovery from hypopituitarism following postpartum hemorrhage. One month after delivery, serum thyroid hormone, TSH, LH and FSH levels were low, and their secretion from the pituitary gland responded poorly to the TRH and LH-RH tests. Pituitary TSH response was normal 3 months after delivery. In the LH-RH test, pituitary LH and FSH response returned to normal at 2 months. Pituitary GH secretion and serum cortisol levels induced by ITT already responded normally one month postpartum. Excessive secretion of pituitary PRL was observed 3 months after delivery and improved gradually thereafter. These results indicate that the secretion of pituitary tropic hormones was sensitive to pituitary ischemia in the following order: TSH, gonadotropin, GH and ACTH. The disturbance of these hormones also persisted in the same order.
 ...
PMID:Spontaneous recovery from hypopituitarism due to postpartum hemorrhage. 250 17

Examined were 47 patients with acute ischemia of the extremities: 29--with favourable outcome, and 18-with the development of gangrene. Scintigraphy of the extremity with 99mTc-Sn-pyrophosphate was performed; urinary excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, DOPA and dopamine, and vanillylmandelic acid as well was studied; the content of ACTH, cortisol and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the blood was defined. The use of radionuclide and biochemical methods of investigation permits to assess the degree of severity of the ischemic injury to the tissues of the extremities.
 ...
PMID:[Role of biochemical and radiological study methods in the evaluation of prognosis in acute ischemia of the limbs]. 255 18

A high rate of 32P turnover in polyphosphoinositides (up to 80% of the total radioactivity) was found in synaptosomes of normal and ischemic rat brain. Corticotropin (ACTH) increases the rate of 32P turnover in polyphosphoinositides of normal synaptosomes and decreases it in ischemic synaptosomes. Depolarization (high KCl concentration in the incubation medium) activates polyphosphoinositide metabolism in normal (by 50%) and ischemic (by 30%) synaptosomes. The combined influence of depolarization and ACTH results in the additive effect. Thus, a stimulating effect of ACTH on phosphoinositide metabolism disturbed in ischemia was recovered during depolarization of ischemic synaptosomes.
 ...
PMID:[Effect of corticotropin on the rate of 32P-orthophosphate incorporation into the synaptosome phosphoinositides of the ischemic rat brain]. 302 17

The apparatus "Artificial Beta-Cell" or "Biostator" was used in treatment of 115 patients with diabetes mellitus and concomitant ischemia of the heart. At the same time 30 patients with diabetes mellitus and ischemia of the heart were treated for diabetes mellitus with the routine methods. Hormones such as ACTH, STH, hydrocortisone, immunoreactive insulin and S-peptide, lipid metabolism and glycosylated hemoglobin were investigated in the time course of the treatment. It was shown that adequate correction of glycemia with the "Biostator" promoted renormalization of the levels of ACTH and hydrocortisone. The results were especially favourable in the group of patients with myocardial infarction and chronic ischemia of the heart with the signs of cardiac insufficiency. Moreover, in the patients of the main group there was a tendency for normalization of lipid metabolism and glycosylated hemoglobin. The results of carbohydrate metabolism compensation in patients of the control group were not always satisfactory and the periods of compensation were longer. The clinico-biochemical indices reflected the favourable effect of the use of the "Biostator" and its advantages over the routine methods in treatment of diabetes mellitus.
 ...
PMID:[Control and correction of the blood sugar in diabetes with concomitant ischemic heart disease using the artificial beta-cell apparatus employing glucose oxidase as the enzyme]. 396 92

Ischemic pain was produced by a blood pressure cuff placed to the arm of healthy human subjects for 15 min which produced a mean pain score of 59% (visual analogue scale). Ischemia induced a significant dental pain threshold elevation (mean 67%) and 2 mg of naloxone did not reduce it. Thermal sensitivity of the upper lip had a tendency to reduction during ischemia and 2 mg of naloxone reduced this effect. Tactile thresholds in the forehead or in the contralateral arm were not markedly elevated. Neither ACTH nor prolactin level in the plasma was related to the dental pain threshold elevation during ischemia. The findings of the present study suggest that ischemic pain nonsegmentally produces a predominant inhibition of responses to thin afferents. Endogenous opioids may markedly contribute to the reduction of thermal sensitivity induced by ischemia, but their contribution to dental pain threshold elevations seems to be less important. Stress or other adenohypophyseal mechanisms involving the release of ACTH or prolactin do not explain the effects of ischemia found in the present study.
 ...
PMID:Ischemic pain nonsegmentally produces a predominant reduction of pain and thermal sensitivity in man: a selective role for endogenous opioids. 629 48

Successful adaptation to stress is a prerequisite for the survival of all organisms living in an environment in which noxious stimuli are constantly present. Higher organisms, including human beings, have developed complex mechanisms to tolerate the myriad of insults that occur to cellular constituents and organ systems after trauma with its resultant blood loss and tissue injury. Surgical stress can be conceptualized in this context, and it is therefore not surprising that human beings have developed an array of integrated stress-response axes that work in concert to return the host to a sustainable homeostatic plateau. The most important aspects of these axes are depicted in Figure 24. Surgical stress activates the higher cortical center of the brain and the spinal and baroreceptor reflexes that stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete CRH. CRH stimulates the release of ACTH from the pituitary gland, which causes the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex. Simultaneously, in a parallel fashion, surgical stress activates the sympathetic system to release catecholamines. Glucocorticoids and catecholamines are the major effectors of stress adaptation and interact at multiple levels in a synergistic fashion. They bind to specific receptors that are present in virtually every organ, although the number and affinity of a given tissue's receptor vary dramatically for individual ligands. Receptor occupancy results in short-term and long-term effects that ultimately improve the host's prospects of tolerating the stressful event. The short-term effects result in rapid actions, such as cardiovascular and metabolic responses that benefit the host in a "fight or flight" reaction. The long-term effects generally occur through alterations in gene transcription that prepare the host for, or adapt the host to, repetitive or chronic stress. Changes in the phosphorylation state of intracellular proteins are a common mode of action for both the short-term and long-term responses. These stress-responsive proteins have an enormous functional capacity: they alter enzymatic pathways, modulate hormone levels, and act as transcription factors to modify the expression of stress-responsive genes. During the last decade considerable progress has been made in explaining the complex signal transduction pathways mediating these responses. The importance of the HSPs in the host response to acute stress and their intimate association with activation of the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system have recently been appreciated. The HSPs are likely to be induced early during organ rejection or ischemia and thus serve as diagnostic indicators.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Endocrine and molecular responses to surgical stress. 804 59

To determine the frequency and significance of the EEG features of hypsarrhythmia, we analyzed the pre-ACTH records of 53 consecutive patients with infantile spasms for the severity of the following abnormalities: disorganization of background, slowing, high amplitude, spike activity, and for the presence or absence of each of the following patterns and variants: electrodecremental discharges, absence of normal sleep activity, relative normalization, hemihypsarrhythmia, burst suppression (BS), occipital hypsarrhythmia, interhemispheric asymmetry, and interhemispheric synchronization. We calculated a total score indicating the severity of the hypsarrhythmia for each record. The hypsarrhythmia variant patterns occurred frequently in up to 69% of the records. Patients with cerebral dysgenesis were more likely to have hemihypsarrhythmia or BS pattern persistent throughout the EEG. Patients with history of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia were more likely to have absence of normal sleep activity. The occurrence of each of the other variant patterns did not correlate with etiology. Favorable outcome did not correlate with the occurrence, or absence, of any of the variant patterns but was associated with faster background activity (< 75% delta), a lower total hypsarrhythmia score (< or = 10), and with absence of electrodecremental discharges on the pre-ACTH EEG. We conclude that variant patterns of hypsarrhythmia are frequent, generally do not correlate with prognosis, and thus are best included within the definition of hypsarrhythmia. The severity of the hypsarrhythmia, however, does have significant prognostic implications.
 ...
PMID:Hypsarrhythmia: frequency of variant patterns and correlation with etiology and outcome. 900 18

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the synthetic adrenocorticotropin-(4-9) (ACTH-(4-9)) analogue ORG 2766, HMet(O2)-Glu-His-Phe-D-Lys-Phe-OH, which has been shown to have beneficial effects on both the recovery from experimentally induced lesions of the central nervous system and peripheral nerve degeneration, has a protective effect on focal ischemic neuronal damage. The NMDA receptor antagonist dizolcipine (MK-801), a very potent neuroprotective drug, was used as positive reference compound. Isoflurane-anesthetized rats had the middle cerebral artery occluded using either an intravasal or an extravasal technique, because pilot experiments had shown differences in the severity of ischemia for the two middle cerebral artery occlusion techniques. MK-801, 500 microg kg(-1) min(-1), or saline was administered i.v. 30 min after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. In the ACTH-(4-9) analogue/saline group, 10 and 150 microg/kg of the analogue, or saline was injected s.c. both directly after and 24 h after occlusion. The ACTH-(4-9) analogue treatment had no effect on the infarction volume in either model of middle cerebral artery occlusion, whereas MK-801 caused a significant reduction in the volume of cortical infarction in both models. We conclude that, although ORG 2766 is known to enhance the recovery from experimentally induced lesions of the central nervous system through a neurotrophic action and has proven to have significant beneficial effects on peripheral nerve regeneration, it did not prevent ischemic neuronal damage after intravasal or extravasal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. The results with MK-801, which caused significant reductions in the volume of cortical infarction in both models of middle cerebral artery occlusion, with clearly the largest reduction in the intravasal middle cerebral artery occlusion model, again indicate that there are differences in the severity of the cerebral ischemia which the two models produce in the rat brain.
 ...
PMID:The effect of the adrenocorticotropin-(4-9) analogue, ORG 2766, and of dizolcipine (MK-801) on infarct volume in rat brain. 965 55

Growth Hormone (GH)-releasing peptides (GHRPs) and their non peptidyl analogues are synthetic molecules which exhibit strong, dosedependent and reproducible GH-releasing activity but also significant PRL- and ACTH/cortisol-releasing effects. An influence of these compounds on food intake and sleep pattern has been also shown. The neuroendocrine activities of GHRPs are mediated by specific receptors subtypes that have been identified in the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and various extra-hypothalamic brain regions with (125)I-Tyr-Ala-hexarelin, an octapeptide of the GHRP family. In addition, GHRP receptors were also present in different peripheral tissues such as heart, adrenal, ovary, testis, lung and skeletal muscle, with a density significantly higher than that found in the hypothalamo-pituitary -system. A remarkable specific (125)I-Tyr-Ala-hexarelin binding was observed in the human cardiovascular system where the highest binding levels were detected in ventricles, followed by atria, aorta, coronaries, carotid, endocardium and vena cava. The binding of the radioligand to cardiac membranes was inhibited by unlabeled Tyr Ala hexare lin and hexarelin as well as by GHRP-6, GHRP-1 and GHRP-2 but not by MK-677, a non peptidyl GHRP analog. In other experiments on H9c2 myocytes, a fetal cardiomyocytes-derived cell line, specific GHRP binding was found and hexarelin showed an anti-apoptotic activity. On the other hand, in vivo studies in animals and in humans showed that GHRPs possess direct cardiotropic actions. In fact, hexarelin protects from ischemia-induced myocardial damage in aged and GH deficient rats while hexarelin shows a positive inotropic effect in normal subjects as well as in patients with GH deficiency. In conclusion, GHRPs possess extra--neuroendocrine biological activity and, particularly, show direct GH-independent cardiotropic effects.
 ...
PMID:Growth hormone-releasing peptides and the cardiovascular system. 1079 May 89


1 2 3 Next >>