Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022116 (ischemia)
 91,303 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The total activities of sucrase, trehalase, amino-peptidase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase in the isolated brush border of the entire small bowel are reduced to 35, 55, 33, and 21 per cent, respectively, of control values (p less than 0.001) 2 hours after a 45 minute occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Since brush border proteins are also reduced by ischemia to 42 per cent of control, enzymatic activity when expressed as U/mg protein is significantly reduced only in the case of gamma-glutamyltransferase, to 48 per cent of control.
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PMID:Intestinal brush border enzymes after short-term mesenteric ischemia. 1 65

In order to determine the validity of clinical-chemical parameters for the prognosis of hepatic failure, 28 pigs were subjected to liver ischemia for 40--160 minutes duration. The following parameters were studied: GOT, GPT, gamma-GT, LAP, LDH, GlDH, AP and isoenzymes, total bilirubin, potassium, sodium and chloride. In a statistical comparison in the surviving animals, an unexplainable increase in GlDH activity was observed. In the other clinical-chemical parameters none was seen to be of use for the prognosis for either life or death in acute hepatic failure.
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PMID:[Acute hepatic coma. Experimental study on the predictive value of clinical-chemical findings for the prognosis of acute hepatic coma]. 96 33

Jaundice is a disorder of bilirubin metabolism and has many causes. History and physical examination help establish the diagnosis in 70 to 80 percent of patients. Elevation of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase suggests cholestasis, either intrahepatic (e.g., medication reactions) or extrahepatic (e.g., choledocholithiasis), whereas markedly elevated serum aminotransferases are indicative of hepatocellular damage from infection, toxins or ischemia. Ultrasound examination is a useful initial procedure when extrahepatic obstruction is suspected. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and computed tomography may be better used to diagnose obstruction at the level of the pancreas or distal common bile duct. The treatment is based on the etiology of jaundice and includes removal of offending medications or toxins, therapy for underlying liver disease or surgery for extrahepatic obstruction.
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PMID:Jaundice. 154 99

Three cases of bile duct necrosis owing to hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAI) were reported. Regarding HAI, transcatheter hepatic arterial embolization (TAE) was applied in two cases (hepatocellular carcinoma: 1; metastasis: 1) and 5-fluorouracil (continuous) combined with leucovorin (one shot) therapy (LV + 5-FU) was given to one metastatic case. In the data of blood biochemistry, serum alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and leucine aminopeptidase values characteristically elevated without the elevation of total bilirubin value. Hepatic tumors degenerated with necrosis in all cases and no viable cells were histologically recognized. Although the destruction of bile ducts was locally detected adjacent to these tumors in TAE cases and was more widespread in the LV + 5-FU case, these lesions were very similar in each case. Therefore, we concluded that both ischemia and drug toxicity induced bile duct necrosis and the necrosis around the bile duct was the secondary change due to the leaked bile juice.
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PMID:[Bile duct necrosis and hepatic necrosis following hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy]. 165 26

The urinary activities of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) and alanine aminopeptidase (AAP) are known to elevate markedly in initial phase of clinical acute renal failure (ARF). This study was performed to clarify the pathophysiological mechanism of the activation of these enzymes using experimental postischemic reperfusion ARF in rats. The relation between the levels of the lysosomal enzymes and lipid peroxidation induced by oxidant stress in these animal models was the main focus of this study. Renal ischemia was made by clamping renal artery for 30 minutes to create a complete ischemia and reflow. Catheterized urine was collected to measure changes of the activities of NAG. gamma-GTP and AAP from 60 to 480 minutes after reperfusion of the kidney. The activities of renal tissue glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), NAG and gamma-GTP, and the values of renal contents of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in each sample. It is already known that GSH redox cycle plays an important role in removing various hydroperoxides induced by oxidant stress, generating oxidated GSH from GSH in scavenging process. In order to confirm if GSH plays an important role in intrinsic anti-oxidant system in this model, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) which is gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase inhibitor, was administered intraperitoneally to decrease renal GSH contents before the procedure renal ischemia. The following results were obtained; 1) urinary activities of NAG, gamma-GTP and AAP were elevated markedly in GSH depleted rats compared with controls, 2) renal tissue activities of NAG were higher in BSO administered rats than controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Experimental studies on the elevation of urinary enzyme activities and its pathogenesis in acute renal failure]. 167 93

The glutathione (GSH) content of rat kidney decreases after cessation of blood flow, falling to 40% of control levels 35 min after renal artery occlusion [R. C. Scaduto, Jr., V. H. Gattone II, L. W. Grotyohann, J. Wertz, and L. F. Martin. Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 24): F911-F921, 1988]. Renal GSH levels remained depressed for at least 2 h after resumption of blood flow. Because GSH functions in the removal of free radicals, and lipid peroxidation is a free radical-initiated process that occurs in the ischemic kidney, we investigated the fate of this GSH pool in the ischemic kidney. Using high-performance liquid chromatography to measure thiols, we found the loss of GSH to be associated with a stoichiometric accumulation of cysteine in the kidney. Moreover, preischemic labeling of the renal GSH pool with 35S led to accumulation of [35S]cysteine during ischemia that had the same specific activity as that of tissue GSH. Formation of cysteine during ischemia was suppressed in rats pretreated with acivicin, an inhibitor of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT), although the degree of suppression was small in comparison to the extent of gamma-GT inhibition. During the initial 2 min of blood reflow after ischemia, tissue cysteine returned to control levels, and a transient increase in the cysteine content of renal venous blood was observed. After ischemia, renal GSH levels remained depressed, but postischemic GSH levels could be increased by administration of N-acetylcysteine during the ischemic period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Glutathione catabolism by the ischemic rat kidney. 197 65

To investigate the properties of the vessels newly formed in cerebral infarcts, we performed enzyme histochemical study for alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase that are membrane enzyme of capillary endothelial cells in the brain as well as immunohistochemical study for factor VIII related antigen and laminin. Adult mongolian gerbils were used in the experiment to produce cerebral infarcts. The animals showing clear neurological signs of ischemia after occlusion of the left common carotid artery were selected. Following one hour ischemia blood flow was reperfused and the animals were allowed to grow and sacrificed at predetermined intervals ranging from two days to two years. The stainings for alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were performed by Brustone method and Rutenburg method respectively, and those for factor VIII related antigen and laminin by PAP method, in frozen sections. Four days after ischemia, vessels of a slightly large size that were running irregularly with reactivity of factor VIII related antigen and circumscribed by laminin were observed in the marginal zone of the infarcts. These newly formed vessels increased in number during the second and the third week also in the center of the infarcts, and one month after ischemia began to decrease. However, a number of vessels were seen in the infarcts, whose features were comparatively similar to those of normal vessels. These vessels remained as long as for two years. The number of the vessels with alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity did not increase during the first week. They increased later during the second and third week.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Histochemical study on enzymatic barrier of the newly formed vessels in infarcts]. 246 63

The effect of 30 min of renal artery occlusion on renal sodium reabsorption, oxygen consumption, and brush border integrity was studied in the immediate 1-h reflow period. Rats were studied using clearance and renal extraction measurements. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were measured over four consecutive 15-min periods; renal venous samples were drawn via an indwelling catheter. Renal oxygen consumption (QO2) was calculated from renal blood flow, corrected for urine flow, and from blood oxygen content measured with a fuel cell analyzer. Brush border integrity was assessed by the excretion of the brush border marker enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase as well as by morphologic observation. Ischemia induced a 10-fold rise in fractional sodium excretion in the initial 0- to 15-min period, rose to 20-fold during the subsequent two periods, 15-45 min, and then returned to the initial reflow period level. The progressive deterioration of renal function with reflow could not be attributed to an increase in the filtered Na+ load. Rather, Na+ reabsorption appeared to be related to the presence of intact brush borders at 0-15 min, their removal from the luminal surface between 15 and 45 min, and their return at 60 min of reflow. Renal QO2 was coupled to Na+ reabsorption in the initial 15-min and final 45- to 60-min reflow periods. However QO2 was significantly increased over the control level at 30-45 min of reflow. The results point to a significant role of brush border uptake in the development of functional impairment following renal ischemia and suggest that the associated rise in renal O2 consumption may be coupled to the reparation of this organelle.
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PMID:Renal sodium reabsorption, oxygen consumption, and gamma-glutamyltransferase excretion in the postischemic rat kidney. 286 Aug 9

This report describes a new method for producing Sertoli cell-only testes in the Lewis rat using 90 min of hypothermic testicular ischemia. The method employs selective occlusion of the testicular blood supply using atraumatic microclips applied with the aid of an operating microscope. The testis is packed in ice-cold saline throughout the ischemic interval, and the deferential artery and vein are ligated. Twelve weeks after the ischemic insult, the testes weigh half that of control testes while there were no differences in prostate or seminal vesicle weights. Microscopic examination of the ischemic damaged testes revealed normal-appearing Leydig and Sertoli cells, but complete absence of germ cells. Assays of testicular enzyme activities indicated that lactic dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase were reduced, while alpha-glutamyl transpeptidase activity was normal, consistent with the marked reduction of germ cells. Serum androgen binding protein (rABP) levels were elevated relative to nonischemic controls. By contrast, serum concentrations of testosterone, LH, and FSH were normal. In addition, LHRH elicited identical LH and testosterone responses in control and experimental animals. Testicular blood flow measured with 133Xenon was slightly decreased in Sertoli-cell-only testes. Intratesticular temperatures was normal in all groups. These observations in rats with ischemia-induced Sertoli-cell-only testes are strikingly different from those induced by radiation or genetic defects. Animals with these latter disorders have elevated FSH levels, evidence of altered Leydig cell function as evidenced by elevated LH or abnormal response to LHRH; and normal or low serum rABP levels. We conclude that 1) ischemia produces no abnormalities of the pituitary testicular axis in spite of marked germ cell depletion and 2) Sertoli-cell-only testes of different etiologies can have varied patterns of hormone and rABP secretion.
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PMID:Sertoli cell-only syndrome produced by cold testicular ischemia. 312 37

The development of optimal methods for preservation is important for the advancement of liver transplantation. This study compares hypothermic storage (HS) and hypothermic pulsatile perfusion (HPP) with various solutions, using an isolated normothermic perfusion model (LIPM). Canine livers were removed from mongrel dogs without warm ischemia and flushed with either heparinized Ringer's lactate (control and HPP-preserved groups) or the solution used for hypothermic storage (TP-V or modified Collins). The type of preservation and solution for each of the experimental groups was as follows: group I (n = 7), no preservation, fresh; group II (n = 7), 24-h HS with TP-V (a hyperosmolar colloid solution containing sucrose, dextrose, and ATP-MgCl2); group III (n = 7), 24-h HS with modified Collins (C-2), an intracellular crystalloid solution; group IV (n = 5), 24-h HP with TP-V; group V (n = 6), 24-h HPP with Belzer solution, containing ATP-MgCl2; group VI (n = 3), 24-h HPP with albumin. After the preservation period, livers were placed on HPP at 37 degrees C with albumin-mannitol solution for 3-h testing in an LIPM. Perfusate samples were taken at 1-h intervals to assess liver function. LDH, SGOT, alkaline phosphatase, lactic acid, LAP, GGT, pO2, pCO2, pH, osmolarity, AMP, ADP, and ATP were studied. Histologic studies were performed, as were representative HIDA scans. Using the LIPM, livers preserved by HS and HPP with TP-V solution appeared to be superior to those preserved with modified Collins, Belzer, and albumin solutions. In these non-TP-V groups, the greatest cellular and organ damage was observed. TP-V HPP appeared to give the best overall liver functional response and histologic results and is recommended as the preferred method for 24-h liver preservation.
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PMID:Liver preservation techniques for transplantation. 330 26


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