Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022116 (ischemia)
 91,303 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy has become the mainstay for the diagnosis of acute cardiac rejection. The intelligent inerpretation of endomyocardial biopsy specimens requires knowledge of the artifacts inherent to the procedure as well as specific rejection and nonrejection pathology. Myocardial contraction bands, artifactual tissue spreading, and prior biopsy site changes should not be misinterpreted as evidence of myocyte damage, interstitial edema, or rejection, respectively. The Billingham criteria for acute cardiac rejection (mild, moderate, and severe) are still the most widely utilized, although other schemes for rejection have also shown clinical usefulness. Additionally, there is increasing evidence that some patients may develop a vascular or humoral rejection that may be more difficult to diagnose by endomyocardial biopsy without utilization of special techniques--for example, immunofluorescence. Nonrejection pathology frequently seen post-transplantation includes ischemia or catecholamine effect, interstitial fibrosis, myocardial calcification, cyclosporine-associated endocardial infiltrates (Quilty effect), myocyte hypertrophy, and infections (CMV, toxoplasmosis). Coronary artery disease continues to be the most significant threat to long-term survival. The spectrum of pathologic changes in the vessels range from mild intimal thickening to severe concentric intimal fibrosis involving extramural, as well as intramural, coronaries to lesions virtually identical to native atherosclerosis. Patients with diffuse narrowing involving large and small intramyocardial vessels appear to be at greater risk for myocardial infarction, death, or retransplantation than patients with other types of coronary pathology. Although important, these large vessel changes are rarely identified by endomyocardial biopsy.
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PMID:Spectrum and diagnosis of myocardial rejection. 240 54

A gross, light, and electron microscopic study of the eyes from 35 consecutive autopsy cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome revealed cotton-wool spots (71% of cases), retinal hemorrhage in areas without cytomegalovirus infection (40%), cytomegalovirus retinitis (34%) with associated retinal detachment, Roth's spots (23%), retinal microaneurysms (20%), papilledema (14%), conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma (9%), cryptococcal chorioretinitis (6%), Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in retina and in choroidal granulomas (6%), ischemic maculopathy (6%), bilateral keratitis (3%), and herpes simplex retinitis (3%). Ocular infection with candida or toxoplasmosis were not found in this autopsy series. Immunocytologic studies demonstrated deposition of immunoglobulins in arteriolar walls, consistent with immune complex mediated disease. Ultrastructural studies showed a vasculopathy in the areas near cotton-wool spots. A mechanism is proposed linking the deposition of immune complexes with subsequent small vessel lesions, ischemia, cotton-wool spots and later spread of cytomegalovirus to retina via damaged vascular endothelium.
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PMID:Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Pathogenic mechanisms of ocular disease. 298 69

70 fetuses (10 to 37 weeks) and 30 full term infants were examined by ultrasound (U.S.). Anatomic correlations were made with frontal, axial and sagittal sections of 43 fetal and 3 neonatal brains. At 12 weeks gestational age (w.g.a.) only the inter hemispheric fissure is seen by U.S. The sylvian fissure (21 w.g.a.), the callosal sulcus (21 w.g.a.), the parieto-occipital sulcus (25 w.g.a.), the calcarine fissure (25 w.g.a.), the cingulate sulcus (26 w.g.a.) and the collateral sulcus (25-27 w.g.a.) are visualized rather late with in-utero U.S. The other sulci are more difficult to see. The peripheral location of these sulci contributes to the difficulty encountered in their visualization. The morphology of the sylvian fissure is quite characteristic on U.S. imaging and can be used to estimate the gestational age of the fetus. Compared to the embryological development there is a 2-4 weeks delay between the first infolding of the brain and the visualization of a sulcus by U.S. Abnormal sulcal patterns can be recognized based on the normal appearance for each gestational age. Sulcal anomalies are quite specific in holoprosencephaly, lissencephaly, micropolygyry, schizencephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum. Silhouetting of the sulci may occur if the parenchymal echogenicity is sufficiently increased that the sulci no longer stand out (ischemia, tumors, encephalitis). Thickening of the sulci occurs in subdural hematomas, external hydrocephalus, meningitis and toxoplasmosis.
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PMID:[Echographic aspects of cerebral sulci in the ante- and perinatal period]. 305 86

Advances in computer technology provide a wide range of applications which are revolutionizing the practice of medicine. The development of new software for the office creates a web of communication among physicians, staff members, health care facilities and associated agencies. This provides the physician with the prospect of a paperless office. At the other end of the spectrum, the development of 3D work stations and software based on computational chemistry permits visualization of protein molecules involved in disease. Computer assisted molecular modeling has been used to construct working 3D models of lens alpha-crystallin. The 3D structure of alpha-crystallin is basic to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in lens fiber cell maturation, stabilization of the inner nuclear region, the maintenance of lens transparency and cataractogenesis. The major component of the high molecular weight aggregates that occur during cataractogenesis is alpha-crystallin subunits. Subunits of alpha-crystallin occur in other tissues of the body. In the central nervous system accumulation of these subunits in the form of dense inclusion bodies occurs in pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis and toxoplasmosis (Iwaki, Wisniewski et al., 1992), as well as neoplasms of astrocyte origin (Iwaki, Iwaki, et al., 1991). Also cardiac ischemia is associated with an increased alpha B synthesis (Chiesi, Longoni et al., 1990). On a more global level, the molecular structure of alpha-crystallin may provide information pertaining to the function of small heat shock proteins, hsp, in maintaining cell stability under the stress of disease.
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PMID:Advances in computer technology: impact on the practice of medicine. 872 7

Pediatric neuroimaging plays an important role in the timely diagnosis of postnatal central nervous system (CNS) infections, and in some patients the imaging findings are sufficiently specific to suggest a cause. The sequela of CNS infection, including hydrocephalus, subdural collections, ischemia/infarction, cerebral abscess, demyelination, and vascular thrombosis, can be accurately depicted and serially followed with current imaging techniques. The purpose of this review is to describe the spectrum of pediatric postnatal CNS infections, emphasizing key pathological and neuroimaging features, and to outline the strengths, weaknesses, and applications of current neuroimaging technology. The prenatal and perinatal infections falling under the designation of TORCH (toxoplasmosis, other [e.g., syphilis, HIV], rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex II) are not covered.
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PMID:Neuroimaging of postnatal pediatric central nervous system infections. 1064 38

Improvements in MRI techniques widen the indications for fetal brain imaging and fetal brain injury represents the third indication of fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after the evaluation of suspected central nervous system (CNS) malformations and ventricular dilatation. Optimal MR imaging technique is necessary in order to collect as much data as possible about the fetal brain. Diffusion images can be used routinely in addition to the standard protocol of fetal brain MRI that consists of T1 and T2 weighted images of the fetal brain. Monovoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy can also be performed in utero, but this technique is still more part of research protocol than of routine clinical protocol. Fetal brain injury includes hypoxia-ischemia, congenital infections (especially toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus infections), brain damage due to malformation such as vascular brain malformation and heart malformation, pregnancies at risk of fetal brain damage, and even inherited metabolic diseases, especially mitochondrial diseases. MRI findings in fetal brain injury consist of acute or chronic lesions that can be seen alone or in combination. Acute response of the fetal brain is less commonly seen than the chronic response compared to the brain response encountered in the postnatal period.
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PMID:Fetal brain injury. 1509 50

There is a demand for studying the role of Toxoplasma gondii in cell death seeking aiding prevention of the disease. The neuro-pathological changes in the cerebellum cortex in case of acquired toxoplasmosis had been studied. Adult Balb C mice were infected by intra peritoneal injection of T. gondii RH strain. Immuno-histochemical expression of pro apoptotic marker Bax had been applied in parallel with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain to study the layers of cerebellum cortex. The focal necrosis in the cerebellum was expressed. Necrosis was explained on the basis of hypoxic ischemia resulting from existing vasculitis followed the infection. Purkinje cell layer was markedly affected in the form of disfiguring and focal loss of cells with apoptotic and necrotic changes. Thinning of both the molecular and internal granular layers was recorded morphometricly. Morphometric study reveals non significant change in the ratio between the viable to non viable cells in all cerebellum layers among experimental and control groups though the Purkinje cell layer was mostly affected. Statistical significant changes in depth proportion of molecular layer: Internal granular (ML: IGL) layers was noted in experimental and control group (p=0.05). Bax expression was not coexisting with the result of H & E stained cells. The hypothesis emphasizes that toxoplasmosis resist apoptosis seeking its benefit, and apoptosis followed toxoplasmosis may be due to another protein rather than Bax.
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PMID:Cell death pattern in cerebellum neurons infected with Toxoplasma gondii. 1633 90

To determine whether Toxoplasma gondii infection could modify biological phenomena associated with brain ischemia, we investigated the effect of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) on neuronal survival, inflammation and redox state in chronically infected mice. Infected animals showed a 40% to 50% decrease of infarct size compared with non-infected littermates 1, 4 and 14 days after MCAO. The resistance of infected mice may be associated with increased basal levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and/or a marked reduction of the MCAO-related brain induction of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). In addition, potential anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective factors such as nerve growth factor, suppressor of cytokine signaling-3, superoxide dismutase activity, uncoupling protein-2 and glutathione (GSH) were upregulated in the brain of infected mice. Consistent with a role of GSH in central cytokine regulation, GSH depletion by diethyl maleate inhibited Toxoplasma gondii lesion resistance by increasing the proinflammatory cytokine IFNgamma brain levels. Overall, these findings indicate that chronic toxoplasmosis decisively influences both the inflammatory molecular events and outcome of cerebral ischemia.
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PMID:Decreased infarct size after focal cerebral ischemia in mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. 1800 39

A 24-year-old healthy male presented with a chief complaint of blurred vision in the right eye for 1-week. Fundus examination indicated right exudative retinal detachment and choroidal ischemia. The patient responded well to anti-toxoplasmosis medications and steroids. Exudative retinal detachment and choroidal ischemia are atypical presentations of ocular toxoplasmosis. However, both conditions responded well to anti.parasitic therapy with steroid.
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PMID:Atypical Presentation of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: A Case Report of Exudative Retinal Detachment and Choroidal Ischemia. 2695 57