Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022116 (ischemia)
 91,303 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 52-year-old woman with secondary amenorrhea presented with ophthalmoplegia, subarachnoidal bleeding. Pituitary function tests showed mild hyperprolactinemia and deficiencies of other functions of adenohypophysis. X-ray films of the skull showed enlarged sella turcica, and CT scan was interpreted as demonstrating pituitary tumour. Carotid arteriography led to diagnosis of intrasellar aneurysm of the right internal carotid, without any pituitary tumour. After embolisation of the aneurysm, followed, by a temporo-sylvian anastomosis, endocrine functions did not improve. The mechanism of hyperprolactinemia is discussed, probably due to pituitary ischemia. This case provides evidence of interest of further investigations before a transsphenoidal surgery in pituitary tumours, in particular if subarachnoidal bleeding occurs.
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PMID:[Intrasellar carotid aneurysm simulating prolactin adenoma]. 383 39

In systemic sclerosis, the frequency of thyroid derangements (clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism) is 43 and 73% respectively; in its pathogenesis participate structural, autoimmune and genetic mechanisms. It is important to run thyroid function test and to investigate the manifestation of clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism and to initiate treatment with levothyroxine. The frequency of hyperprolactinemia in SS goes from 13 to 59% and the implied mechanisms are the hypothalamic dysfunction and prolactinomas. The frequency of prolactinomas runs up to 66%. The frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis is from 3 to 35 and from 35 to 44% respectively. The osteoporosis in escleroderma is multifactorial (ischemia, immobilization, intestinal malabsorption syndrome, steroids, menopause, hyperprolactinemia, among other). It is important to erform bone densitometry in these patients and to identify the cases of osteoporosis and to start opportune treatment.
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PMID:[Endocrinological alterations in systemic sclerosis]. 2179 86

Diabetic retinopathy is a disease of the retinal microvasculature that develops as a complication of diabetes mellitus and constitutes a major cause of blindness in adults of all ages. Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by the loss of capillary cells leading to increased vasopermeability, ischemia, and hypoxia that trigger the excessive formation of new blood vessels in the retina. The influence of the pituitary gland in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy was recognized nearly six decades ago, but the contribution of pituitary hormones to this disease remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that the pituitary hormone prolactin is proteolytically cleaved to vasoinhibins, a family of peptides with potent antivasopermeability, vasoconstrictive, and antiangiogenic actions that can protect the eye against the deleterious effects of the diabetic state. In this review, we summarize what is known about the changes in the circulating levels of prolactin and vasoinhibins during diabetes and diabetic retinopathy as well as the implications of these changes for the development and progression of the disease with particular attention to hyperprolactinemia in pregnancy and postpartum. We discuss the effects of prolactin and vasoinhibins that may impact diabetic retinopathy and suggest these hormones as important targets for therapeutic interventions.
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PMID:Prolactin and vasoinhibins: Endogenous players in diabetic retinopathy. 2191 3

Estradiol (E2) is a female hormone that is produced largely by the ovaries, but also by the adrenal glands, fat and liver. It is present in the circulation of both males and females. Many studies in the literature have described how E2 is beneficial to the body in terms of preventing bone loss, affording protection in ischemia reperfusion injury, relieving symptoms of menopause, maintaining vaginal health and helping with ovarian failure or hypogonadism. Beneficial effects on the brain have been reported to include protection against memory loss, neuronal degeneration, changes in cognition, mood and behavior. However, the effects of E2 exposure on the neuroendocrine system have not been understood completely. This is because differences in doses, preparation and duration of exposure have produced variable results ranging from beneficial, to no change, or to detrimental. Studies in our lab over the last few years have shown that chronic exposures to low levels of E2 in young rats can produce specific effects on the neuroendocrine system. We have observed that these exposures can induce reproductive senescence, hypertension, anxiety-like behavior and cause degenerative changes in specific neuronal populations leading to hyperprolactinemia. The purpose of the review is to present evidence from the literature for these effects and to discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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PMID:Chronic estradiol exposure - harmful effects on behavior, cardiovascular and reproductive functions. 3032 41

Prolactin (PRL) levels can usually be controlled by PRL-inhibiting psychiatric drugs that include anti-dopamine agents. However, the use of dopamine (DA) antagonists may lead to hyperprolactinemia under certain clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate postmortem PRL levels as potential markers of drug abuse, especially that of DA antagonists, in autopsy cases. We examined 121 autopsy cases, excluding cases involving acute hypoxia/ischemia, such as asphyxia, because PRL concentrations are reportedly increased under acute hypoxic conditions. Detected drugs were classified as either DA antagonists, stimulants, psychotropic drugs other than DA antagonists, or other non-psychotropic drugs, and many cases had no detected drugs. Samples comprised blood collected from the right heart chamber and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). PRL protein level was measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay, and PRL gene expression in the anterior pituitary of autopsy cases was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The PRL-positive cell ratio in the anterior pituitary gland was also measured by immunohistochemical analysis. The results indicated that PRL levels in the serum and CSF were higher in DA antagonist cases than in other cases. PRL levels in the serum and CSF also correlated with the PRL gene expression in cases with abuse of DA antagonists. However, no significant difference in the PRL-positive cell ratio in the anterior pituitary gland was evident between any of the classes of drug-detected and drug-undetected cases. These results suggest that postmortem measurements of PRL transcription levels may be useful for diagnosing cases of DA antagonist use.
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PMID:Evaluation of screening for drug use using postmortem prolactin levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. 3131 5