Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022116 (ischemia)
 91,303 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We present the clinical, morphological and neuropathological findings in a 44-year-old male suffering from the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (CDC stage IV C2) who presented with rapidly progressive right-side hemiparesis and developed hemianopia and aphasia. Scans showed multiple, not contrast-enhancing, not space-occupying echo-intensive lesions in T2-weighted MR-imaging. No hint for an opportunistic infection, necrotizing vasculitis or vascular disease was found. All therapeutic regimens failed and 8 weeks after onset of neurological symptoms the patient died because of cardiorespiratory arrest. Post-mortem examination excluded opportunistic infection, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, lymphoma, vasculitis and ischemia of the brain. In the presence of an unusually high amount of HIV-infected macrophages at immunohistochemical examination, the overall pathological findings were atypical both for HIV encephalitis and HIV leukoencephalopathy. We describe a pathologically distinct new form of HIV associated encephalopathy.
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PMID:A pathologically distinct new form of HIV associated encephalopathy. 815 18

A 67-year-old woman experienced a severe headache and vomiting. A computed tomographic (CT) scan showed a mild subarachnoid hemorrhage. Cerebral angiography revealed a saccular aneurysm at the apex of the basilar artery. Several days later, she noticed mild hemiparesis of the left extremities. She underwent a clipping operation on the aneurysm by approaching from the right temporal love. Postoperatively, she developed diplopia and dilatation of the left pupil. Cerebral angiography revealed an occlusion of the left posterior cerebral artery. She was admitted to another hospital in order to continue rehabilitation. General physical examination was normal. Neurological examination revealed paralysis of the left medial and left inferior rectus muscles and palsy of the left inferior oblique muscle. The pupil of the left eye was dilated, measuring 5 mm in diameter, and it did not constrict to any stimuli. The left superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris functioned normally. Visual acuity and visual fields were normal except for the influence of a senile cataract. She had a mild left hemiparesis, slight left ataxia and slurred speech. She had numbness of the left half of the body. A CT scan showed small low density areas in the right thalamus and left cerebellar hemisphere. Her ophthalmologic findings were compatible with the inferior branch palsy of the oculomotor nerve. The ophthalmoplegia of this case seems to be due to partial damage of the oculomotor nerve induced by ischemia of vascular supply. It is supposed to be caused by a vasospasm of the left posterior cerebral artery following a clipping operation of the basilar apex aneurysm.
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PMID:[Inferior branch palsy of the oculomotor nerve following clipping of basilar apex aneurysm]. 831 94

The postoperative hyperperfusion syndrome describes an abrupt increase in blood flow with loss of autoregulation in surgically reperfused brain. Reports described a spectrum of findings, including severe headache, transient ischemia, seizures, and intracerebral hemorrhage. Hypertension is common after carotid artery surgery and often plays a role in the pathophysiology. We now report five patients with severe white matter edema after carotid surgery, a finding not previously included in the hyperperfusion syndrome. Five to 8 days after carotid surgery and after hospital discharge, each patient developed hypertension, headache, hemiparesis, seizures, and aphasia or neglect due to severe white matter edema ipsilateral to the carotid surgery. One patient had a small hemorrhage within the edematous area. Hypertension was severe in four patients and moderate in one. The carotid artery was patent by ultrasound or angiography in each patient after surgery. Transcranial Doppler showed increased velocities ipsilateral to surgery in two patients and bilaterally in one. Computed tomographic abnormalities and neurologic signs resolved within 3 weeks in four of the five patients treated with antihypertensives and anticonvulsants. The fifth patient died from herniation secondary to massive edema. Brain edema with focal neurologic signs should be included as a serious but potentially reversible component of the postoperative hyperperfusion syndrome.
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PMID:Brain edema after carotid surgery. 904 Jul 62

We studied the role of remote metabolic depressions and pyramidal tract involvement regarding motor recovery following a first hemiparetic ischemic stroke. In 23 patients the regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMRGlu) was measured with positron emission tomography and the location and spatial extent of the stroke lesions were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Motor impairment during the acute and chronic stages (4 weeks after stroke) was determined by a motor score and recordings of magnetic evoked motor potentials. Twelve patients recovered significantly, whereas 11 patients retained a disabling hemiparesis. In contrast to patients with good motor recovery, rCMRGlu was severely depressed in the thalamus on the lesion side in patients with poor motor recovery. This patient group also showed more severe damage to the pyramidal tract on magnetic resonance images and a more pronounced reduction of the magnetic evoked motor potential amplitude. Neither the size of the stroke lesions nor the spatial extent of the lesional and remote rCMRGlu depressions outside the thalamus correlated with the thalamic hypometabolism and the improvement of the motor score. We conclude that preservation both of parts of the pyramidal tract and of the thalamic circuitry is a major determinant for the quality of hand motor recovery following acute brain ischemia in the adult.
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PMID:Thalamic metbolism and corticospinal tract integrity determine motor recovery in stroke. 861 24

Despite the increasing popularity of cardioplegic techniques there is no consensus as to the optimal myocardial protective technique for first-time or repeat coronary artery bypass grafting. Intermittent global ischemia was used in 159 consecutive patients (142 male; 17 female) undergoing repeat coronary artery bypass grafting during a 6-year period (1987 to 1992). The median age of the patients was 60 years (90% confidence interval: 47 to 70 years) and the median interval from the first operation was 9 years (90% confidence interval: 2 to 14 years). One third of the patients required emergency (within 24 hours) or urgent (within 7 days) operations because of failure of symptoms to resolve with medical therapy. Compared with events at the initial operation there was an increased prevalence of impaired ventricular function (ejection fraction < 50%) and increased use of the internal thoracic artery (48% versus 9%). Two of 12 patients who required emergency operations died in the hospital, which resulted in an overall mortality rate at 30 days of 1%. Intraaortic balloon pump support was required in five patients (3%) and cardiac dose inotropic support in 21% of patients for up to 24 hours after operation. There was definite electrocardiographic evidence of infarction in 11 patients (7%). The mean postoperative blood loss, without aprotinin, was 627 ml (standard deviation 327 ml) and two patients required reexploration because of bleeding. Five patients had a hemiparesis (3%) and a further four patients (3%) had a mild or transient postoperative focal neurologic deficit. The median postoperative hospital stay was 9 days (90% confidence interval: 7 to 20 days) although 10% of patients required a hospital stay in excess of 21 days. No patient was lost to follow-up. The median (and interquartile range) period of follow-up was 1.6 (1 to 3) years. Eight patients died in the follow-up period, which resulted in an estimated survival of 80% at 5 years. At a mean follow-up period of 2 years (and with or without antianginal medication) 83% of patients had no or minimal angina, 12% had angina on moderate exertion, and 5% had angina on minimal exertion. In comparison with other current series of repeat coronary revascularization our results suggest that repeat coronary artery bypass grafting can be done with intermittent global ischemia with early and intermediate results at least equivalent to those obtained with cardioplegic methods.
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PMID:Applicability of intermittent global ischemia for repeat coronary artery operations. 875 19

Cortical vein thrombosis without sinus involvement is rarely diagnosed, although it may commonly be overlooked. We report four cases of cerebral venous thrombosis limited to the cortical veins. The diagnosis was made on surgical intervention in one patient and by angiography in three patients. Together with a survey of the published cases, the clinical and neuroimaging patterns of our patients allow delineation of several features suggestive of cortical venous stroke. Focal or generalized seizures followed by hemiparesis, aphasia, hemianopia, or other focal neurologic dysfunction in the absence of signs of increased intracranial pressure should suggest this possibility. Neuroimaging (CT, MRI) shows an ischemic lesion that does not follow the boundary of arterial territories and often has a hemorrhagic component, without signs of venous sinus thrombosis. Conventional angiography demonstrates no arterial occlusion but may show cortical vein thrombosis corresponding to the infarct, although these may also be nonspecific findings. The role of MR angiography, which is well-established in sinus thrombosis, remains to be assessed in patients with brain ischemia due to isolated cortical vein occlusion.
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PMID:The stroke syndrome of cortical vein thrombosis. 875 7

Unilateral auditory hallucinations are a rare lateralization phenomenon experienced in one ear or from one direction. We recently encountered a 63-year-old right-handed man who developed transient unilateral auditory hallucinations associated with pure word deafness. The patient had a past history of myocardial infarction, lung cancer and aortic aneurysm, but no previous psychiatric or convulsive disorders. About six months before admission, he developed right hemiparesis and motor aphasia caused by a hemorrhagic left parietal infarct. These symptoms gradually improved over three weeks. Two days before admission, he suddenly lost the ability to understand spoken words. He concurrently experienced auditory hallucinations arising from the right anterior direction. On admission, he was very embarrassed to simple verbal commands. He was unable to comprehend spoken words and repeat speech, although he could fairly follow written commands. Confrontation naming, reading aloud, comprehension, spontaneous writing remained relatively unaffected, although he occasionally made paraphasic errors. He could distinguish environmental sounds such as a telephone ringing or running water. After gradual improvement of his auditory incomprehension, he began to describe auditory hallucinations of verbal, musical and elementary types. He was fully aware of the hallucinatory nature of his experience, and took some notes. Two days before admission, from the right anterior side of his head he heard a familiar radio announcer reporting news about the earthquake in Osaka Prefecture and the recommended places of refuge. After similar experiences over several days, he repetitively heard a familiar Japanese traditional song from the right side, which was followed by elementary auditory hallucinations such as a car engine and a siren. These symptoms spontaneously disappeared after nine days. Besides his auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations and illusional emotion were temporarily present. The Wechsler adult intelligence scale revealed a verbal IQ of 91 and a performance IQ of 100. Pure tone audiometry revealed bilateral, mild peripheral sensorineural hearing loss. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials were unrevealing. The EEG showed slow activities in the left temporoparietal region. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain failed to reveal any relevant abnormalities except for an old hemorrhagic parietal infarct. The SPECT with Tc99m-HMPAO, however, showed reduced blood flow in the left temporal lobe including the first temporal convolution as well as in the left parietal lobe. Based on the SPECT findings, unilateral auditory hallucinations in our patient are considered to have resulted from the left temporal lobe ischemia. Our case indicates that unilateral auditory hallucinations may have a clinicoanatomical correlation with contralateral temporal lobe lesions.
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PMID:[Unilateral auditory hallucinations due to left temporal lobe ischemia: a case report]. 882 99

Bilateral ophthalmoplegia may be an unusual sign of vertebrobasilar ischemia. We report the cases of two patients (75 and 73 years old), who suddenly developed drowsiness, bilateral ophthalmoplegia with bilateral ptosis and mild right hemiparesis. In both patients, MRI revealed bilateral thalamic and midbrain infarcts, ECG showed the presence of atrial fibrillation and Doppler study of the extracranial and intracranial vertebral arteries found no significant alterations. Ischemia involving the midbrain and thalamic paramedian regions may cause bilateral ophthalmoplegia and consciousness disturbances. In these two cases, the most plausible etiologic mechanism was cardiac embolism, and the prognosis for bilateral ocular palsy was poor.
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PMID:Bilateral ophthalmoplegia: an unusual sign of the top of the basilar artery syndrome. 891 63

Dissection of the extracranial carotid artery is a recognized cause of ischemia, particularly in young persons who present with acute neurologic deficits, both transient and permanent. We describe a patient with a spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA). A previously healthy 24-year-old man was hospitalized because of a sudden onset of right hemiparesis and consciousness disturbance. In reality, right cervical pain preceded this attack. The first brain MRI revealed a cerebral infarction in the right cerebral hemisphere including basal ganglia. A conventional angiography was performed 1 week later. The following angiographic picture was considered to be consistent with the diagnosis of cervical artery dissection: gradually tapered occlusion beginning distal to the carotid bifurcation. And MRA revealed the same finding. A cervical MRI revealed as an eccentric signal void (corresponding to the residual lumen) surrounded by a semilunar hyperintensity (corresponding to the mural hematoma) on T1- and T2-weighted images. Dynamic CT scan (D-CT) revealed an eccentric and crescent contrast enhancement (corresponding to the residual lumen) surrounded by a relative hypodensity compared with muscle (corresponding to the mural hematoma), itself surrounded by a thin annular enhancement. From these results, we diagnosed this patient with ICA occlusion for dissection of the extracranial carotid artery. But we decided this case contraindication of anastomosis because he had had a major stroke. Our findings suggest that MRA, cervical MRI and DCT provide early recognition of internal carotid artery dissection and monitoring of its resolution. Thus, these studies may guide clinical decisions according to the development of the dissection.
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PMID:[A case of spontaneous cervical internal carotid artery dissection]. 899 Apr 71

A 68-year-old male presented with an anaplastic astrocytoma deep in the sensorimotor cortex manifesting as acute pure motor hemiparesis suggestive of a vascular mechanism rather than tumor mass effect. Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed a significant decrease of blood flow in the sensorimotor area, where fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging demonstrated a prominently edematous area. Angiography also suggested ischemia with poor visualization of the precentral and central arteries. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging failed to identify the edema as cytotoxic or vasogenic due to technical problems. Brain tumors may manifest through impairment of peritumoral blood supply, which can be clarified by recent MR methods.
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PMID:Supratentorial glioma manifesting as acute onset of pure motor hemiparesis--case report. 918 43


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