Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022116 (ischemia)
 91,303 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this review the chemistry and formation of oxygen radicals is surveyed. Various physiological protective mechanisms against oxygen radicals as well as the consequence of too much or too little oxygen radicals in diseases is discussed. In this respect attention is given to hypoxia/ischemia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retrolental fibroplasia, thalassaemia, Down's syndrome and chronic granulomatous disease. Finally some new developments in pharmacotherapeutic possibilities which might play a role in prevention or amelioration of free radical pathologies are mentioned.
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PMID:[Oxygen radicals: rescue or threat?]. 255 29

Rhabdomyolysis is an uncommon event in bariatric surgery. It can be caused by ischemia, crush injury, alcohol ingestion and drug intake, and as a consequence renal failure can develop. A few reports indicate that patients undergoing bariatric surgical intervention are at risk for rhabdomyolysis. A super-obese male (BMI 52 kg/m2) is reported, who underwent laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS). Operative time was 265 minutes, and the BPD/DS operation was uneventful. Post-operatively, the patient complained of pain in both hips and the left shoulder, and suffered oliguria. He was treated with fluids (isotonic saline), bicarbonate, and mannitol. Despite this, he developed renal failure, which subsequently required hemodialysis. The patient died from arrhythmia and cardiac arrest on the 8th postoperative day. Obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery are at risk of rhabdomyolysis. Prolonged compression of the muscles during the surgical intervention, in long laparoscopic procedures, predisposes to this complication.
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PMID:Rhabdomyolysis after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. 1625 2

In 1991, Frostell and colleagues reported that breathing low concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) decreased pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in awake lambs with experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) [Frostell C, Fratacci MD, Wain JC, Jones R, Zapol WM. Inhaled nitric oxide. A selective pulmonary vasodilator reversing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Circulation 1991;83:2038-47]. Subsequently, efforts of multiple research groups studying animals and patients led to approval of inhaled NO by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1999 and the European Medicine Evaluation Agency and European Commission in 2001. Inhaled NO is currently indicated for the treatment of term and near-term neonates with hypoxemia and PH. Since regulatory approval, several studies have suggested that NO inhalation can prevent chronic lung disease in premature infants. In addition, unanticipated systemic effects of inhaled NO may lead to treatments for a variety of disorders including ischemia-reperfusion injury. This review summarizes the pharmacology and physiological effects of breathing NO. The application of inhaled NO to hypoxemic neonates with PH is discussed including recent studies exploring the use of inhaled NO to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. This review also highlights the application of inhaled NO to treat adults with cardiopulmonary disease, strategies to augment the efficacy of inhaled NO, and potential applications of the systemic effects of the gas.
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PMID:Inhaled NO as a therapeutic agent. 1754 87

We describe three preterm neonates with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, pulmonary hypertension and ventricular hypertrophy who incurred subendocardial infarctions, as evidenced by electrocardiographic, laboratory or autopsy findings. We propose that cardiac hypertrophy contributed to the risk for subendocardial ischemia and infarction, and suggest diligence for this complication.
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PMID:Subendocardial infarction associated with ventricular hypertrophy in preterm infants with chronic lung disease. 1866 10

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most critical morbidities in preterm infants. The incidence of NEC is 7% in very-low-birth-weight infants, and its mortality is 15 to 30%. Infants who survive NEC have various complications, such as nosocomial infection, malnutrition, growth failure, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, and neurodevelopmental delays. The most important etiology in the pathogenesis of NEC is structural and immunological intestinal immaturity. In preterm infants with immature gastrointestinal tracts, development of NEC may be associated with a variety of factors, such as colonization with pathogenic bacteria, secondary ischemia, genetic polymorphisms conferring NEC susceptibility, anemia with red blood cell transfusion, and sensitization to cow milk proteins. To date, a variety of preventive strategies has been accepted or attempted in clinical practice with regard to the pathogenesis of NEC. These strategies include the use of breast feeding, various feeding strategies, probiotics, prebiotics, glutamine and arginine, and lactoferrin. There is substantial evidence for the efficacy of breast feeding and the use of probiotics in infants with birth weights above 1,000 g, and these strategies are commonly used in clinical practice. Other preventive strategies, however, require further research to establish their effect on NEC.
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PMID:An update on necrotizing enterocolitis: pathogenesis and preventive strategies. 2223 29

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an endogenously produced indoleamine secreted by the pineal gland and the secretion is suppressed by light. Melatonin is a highly effective antioxidant, free radical scavenger, and has anti-inflammatory effect. Plenty of evidence supports the utility of melatonin in adults for cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. In children and neonates, melatonin has been used widely, including for respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy and sepsis. In addition, melatonin can be used in childhood sleep and seizure disorders, and in neonates and children receiving surgery. This review article discusses the utility of melatonin in neonates and children.
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PMID:Melatonin utility in neonates and children. 2237 Feb 83

During the perinatal period, free radicals (FRs) are involved in several physiological roles such as the cellular responses to noxia, the defense against infectious agents, the regulation of cellular signaling function, and the induction of a mitogenic response. However, the overproduction of FRs and the insufficiency of an antioxidant mechanism result in oxidative stress (OS) which represents a deleterious process and an important mediator of damage to the placenta and the developing fetus. After birth, OS can be magnified by other predisposing conditions such as hypoxia, hyperoxia, ischemia, hypoxia ischemia-reperfusion, inflammation, and high levels of nonprotein-bound iron. Newborns are particularly susceptible to OS and oxidative damage due to the increased generation of FRs and the lack of adequate antioxidant protection. This impairment of the oxidative balance has been thought to be the common factor of the so-called "free radical related diseases of prematurity," including retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, necrotizing enterocolitis, kidney damage, and oxidative hemolysis. In this review, we provide an update focused on the factors influencing these diseases refining the knowledge about the role of OS in their pathogenesis and the current evidences of such relationship. Mechanisms governing FR formation and subsequent OS may represent targets for counteracting tissue damage.
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PMID:The Free Radical Diseases of Prematurity: From Cellular Mechanisms to Bedside. 3014 Mar 69

Lung injury is characterized by inflammatory processes demonstrated as loss of function of the pulmonary capillary endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells. Autophagy is an intracellular digestion system that work as an inducible adaptive response to lung injury which is a resultant of exposure to various stress agents like hypoxia, ischemia-reperfusion and xenobiotics which may be manifested as acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic lung injury (CLI), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI), pulmonary fibrosis (PF), cystic fibrosis (CF) and radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). Numerous regulators like LC3B-II, Beclin 1, p62, HIF1/BNIP3 and mTOR play pivotal role in autophagy induction during lung injury possibly for progression/inhibition of the disease state. The present review focuses on the critical autophagic mediators and their potential cross talk with the lung injury pathophysiology thereby bringing to limelight the possible therapeutic interventions.
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PMID:Autophagy markers as mediators of lung injury-implication for therapeutic intervention. 3282 42

Sildenafil, approved two decades ago, is the inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). First of all, it was designated for angina pectoris, but soon it showed a wonderful efficacy in erectile dysfunction (ED) and then pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Due to the distribution of phosphodiesterase (PDE) in almost all organs, maybe it effects other diseases. Hence, a great number of investigations began to understand the role of PDEi in different organs. Preliminary research on sildenafil in cell culture and animal models has yielded promising results. Soon, a greater number of animal researches and clinical trials joined them. The results disclosed sildenafil can have beneficial effects in each organ such as heart, liver, kidney, brain, and intestines. Furthermore, it has significantly improved the prognosis of organ ischemia in various animal models. Clinical trials in several diseases, such as recurrent spontaneous miscarriage, fatty liver disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), heart failure, and premature ejaculation (PE) brought promising results. Although some clinical trials are available on the effects of sildenafil on various diseases, further studies on humans are needed to consolidate the ultimate effects of sildenafil. The aim of this review was to describe the effects of sildenafil on each organ and explain its mechanisms of action. Further, other PDE inhibitors such as tadalafil and vardenafil have been briefly discussed in parts of this review.
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PMID:Sildenafil beyond erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Thinking about new indications. 3322 65