Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0022104 (irritable bowel syndrome)
 8,033 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Naloxone acts as an opioid antagonist, displacing opioid drugs from cellular receptors. Among opioid substances, beta-endorphins are able to bind to several cell receptors, even including those expressed by immune cells. In this respect, evidence has been provided that in the course of viral infections, as well as in patients with ulcerative colitis high levels of beta-endorphins are detectable. Here, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 21 HCV infected patients and 14 patients with IBD, respectively, were incubated with Naloxone and Naloxone + Ca2+ in order to evaluate a putative modulation of PBL-mediated antibacterial activity. In fact, previous studies have demonstrated a reduction of this T-cell activity in HCV and IBD patients. In general terms, the above treatment led to a recovery of the depressed antibacterial activity. In some cases, increase in T lymphocyte function was obtained with Naloxone alone, while in other cases the combination Naloxone + Ca2+ gave rise to a restorative effect. Of note, in some instances, lymphocytes were unresponsive to pharmacological modulation. The overall results suggest that beta-endorphins may down modulate T-cell antibacterial response in HCV and in IBD patients by saturating peripheral receptors on immune cells. Therefore, it is likely that Naloxone and/or Naloxone + Ca2+ may displace opioid drugs, thus antagonizing their effects.
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PMID:In vitro effects of naloxone on T-lymphocyte-dependent antibacterial activity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients and in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. 1132 42

Decreased bone mineral density, osteoporosis, is a common disorder in the United States and elsewhere in the world. This disorder is estimated to account for more than 1.5 million bone fractures each year and is estimated to cost over 13 billion dollars annually. Inflammatory Bowel Disease is a relatively common disorder with estimates suggesting that approximately one million Americans are afflicted by these conditions. Osteoporosis is a common extraintestinal complication of inflammatory bowel disease. The importance of the many possible mechanisms contributing to the loss of bone mass in IBD is uncertain. Several of these specific factors, including the use of corticosteroids, calcium deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, chronically active inflammatory bowel disease, and malnutrition. Assessment of the bone mineral density is an important exercise since new therapeutic options exist and new options are available to combat and even prevent this costly complication.
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PMID:Management of bone loss in inflammatory bowel disease. 1172 81

Calcium ions play an important role in the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal system. The calcium channel blockers appear to affect all the organs of the gastrointestinal tract and may have therapeutic efficacy on esophageal spasm, irritable bowel syndrome, mesenteric vascular insufficiency, dyskinesis of the Sphincter of Oddi, and insulinoma. Adverse effects are limited predominantly to constipation and some aggravation of ethanol-induced ulcer disease. In addition, the drugs continue to serve as important biologic probes for understanding the normal and abnormal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.
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PMID:Calcium Channel Blockers and the Gastrointestinal Tract. 1186 76

Modern definition, classifications, diagnosis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are presented together with results of treatment of 30 patients with irritable bowel syndrome with the new selective calcium-channel blocker dicetel.
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PMID:[Current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of irritable bowel syndrome]. 1188 62

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort and abnormal defecation. Polycarbophil calcium, a water-absorbing polymer, is expected to improve stool consistency. Polycarbophil calcium decalcified under the acidic condition and then absorbed 70 times its weight of water under the neutral condition. In in situ experiments using rat jejunum and colon, polycarbophil decreased water absorption by the intestine without affecting water secretion. Polycarbophil inhibited prostaglandin E2-, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan- and castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice or rats. Polycarbophil calcium also inhibited sennoside-induced diarrhea in dogs. Polycarbophil increased the weight of feces in naive or low-fiber diet feeding rats. In naive dogs, polycarbophil calcium increased stool frequency, stool weight and moisture. Polycarbophil was not absorbed from the gastrointestine, not metabolized and eliminated into feces in rats and dogs. Polycarbophil calcium did not affect the absorption of coadministered drugs in dogs. In the dose-finding clinical study for IBS, polycarbophil calcium was effective both in diarrhea and constipation. In the Phase III study, polycarbophil calcium was superior to trimebutine maleate in efficacy and equal in safety. Emesis/vomiting and thirst were observed, but episodes of diarrhea or constipation by excessive action were few. Polycarbophil calcium seems promising as an anti-IBS agent.
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PMID:[Physicochemical and pharmacological characteristic and clinical efficacy of an anti-irritable bowel syndrome agent, polycarbophil calcium (Polyful)]. 1191 21

The activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was assayed in enterocytes isolated from human duodenal biopsies to determine its role in celiac disease. Patients were categorized into groups with irritable bowel syndrome, iron-deficiency anemia, B(12)/folate deficiency, and treated and untreated celiac disease. Enterocytes isolated from all groups showed 1400W-inhibitable Ca2+-independent NOS activity with a pH level and temperature optimum of 9.4 and 37 degrees C, respectively. Western blotting showed that enterocytes expressed the inducible NOS protein and proteins with nitrated tyrosine residues, the latter being indicative of nitric oxide-driven peroxynitrite and/or free-radical damage. Endothelial NOS was seen only in the lamina propria. Patients with celiac disease had higher NOS activity than other patient groups. Treatment of the condition led to a fall in activity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated cGMP production by the enterocyte fraction, but cGMP levels did not correlate with NOS activity. These results suggest that inducible NOS is constitutively expressed in human duodenal enterocytes, is increased in patients with untreated celiac disease, and is partially corrected when such patients are treated. We found no evidence to support a role for nitric oxide in the formation of cGMP within the small intestine. Furthermore, we were unable to demonstrate a role for peroxynitrite/free radical damage in the pathophysiology of celiac disease.
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PMID:Increased activity and expression of iNOS in human duodenal enterocytes from patients with celiac disease. 1212 78

1. Otilonium bromide (OB) is a smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Otilonium bromide has been shown to interfere with the mobilization of calcium in intestinal smooth muscle, but the effects on other intestinal tissues have not been investigated. We identified the muscarinic receptor subtype coupled to calcium signals in colonic crypt derived from the human colonic epithelium and evaluated the inhibitory effects of OB. 2. Calcium signals were monitored by fluorescence imaging of isolated human colonic crypts and Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing the cloned human muscarinic M(3) receptor subtype (CHO-M(3)). Colonic crypt receptor expression was investigated by pharmacological and immunohistochemical techniques. 3. The secretagogue acetylcholine (ACh) stimulated calcium mobilization from intracellular calcium stores at the base of human colonic crypts with an EC(50) of 14 micro M. The muscarinic receptor antagonists 4-DAMP, AF-DX 384, pirenzepine and methroctamine inhibited the ACh-induced calcium signal with the following respective IC(50) (pK(b)) values: 0.78 nM (9.1), 69 nM (7.2), 128 nM (7.1), and 2510 nM (5.8). 4. Immunohistochemical analyses of muscarinic receptor expression demonstrated the presence of M(3) receptor subtype expression at the crypt-base. 5. Otilonium bromide inhibited the generation of ACh-induced calcium signals in a dose dependent manner (IC(50)=880 nM). 6. In CHO-M(3) cells, OB inhibited calcium signals induced by ACh, but not ATP. In addition, OB did not inhibit histamine-induced colonic crypt calcium signals. 7. The present studies have demonstrated that OB inhibited M(3) receptor-coupled calcium signals in human colonic crypts and CHO-M(3) cells, but not those induced by stimulation of other endogenous receptor types. We propose that the M(3) receptor-coupled calcium signalling pathway is directly targeted by OB at the level of the colonic epithelium, suggestive of an anti-secretory action in IBS patients suffering with diarrhoea.
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PMID:The colon-selective spasmolytic otilonium bromide inhibits muscarinic M(3) receptor-coupled calcium signals in isolated human colonic crypts. 1242 87

Iberis amara L (Brassicaceae) is wide-spread in Europe and grows preferably in grain fields, in warm, sunny and dry, mainly loamy and loessial soil which is high in calcium. The plants contain amines, cucurbitacines, flavonoglycosides, and mustard oil glycosides. A fixed combination of the whole, blooming, fresh plant with clear seed formation ( Iberis amara totalis) is used in a phytotherapeutical product (Iberogast). In pharmacological studies both in vitro (e.g., in guinea pig ileum) and in vivo (e.g., in Wistar rats) the fresh plant extract of Iberis amara (IF) exhibited a tonicising effect on the smooth muscles of the stomach and small intestine. In the rat IF produced a dose-dependent antiulcerogenic effect (indomethacin-induced ulcer) comparable to that of cimetidine (reference substance). The stomach acid release and the leucotriene-concentration, increased by indomethacin, were reduced by IF, whereas the prostaglandin E2 content, reduced by indomethacin, was increased. In patients with irritable bowel syndrome as a subtypological symptom associated with diarrhea and in patients with alternating diarrhea and obstipation, clear differences were found between drug and placebo in a multicenter, prospective, double-blind, randomized parallel group comparison. Toxological studies conducted with various cell lines in vitro and in rats and mice have shown that the fresh plant extract of Iberis amara in therapeutical relevant doses has no cytotoxic and no acute toxic action. In mutagenicity investigations there were no indications of genotoxic or mutagenic potential.
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PMID:[Iberis amara L. (bitter candytuft)--profile of a medicinal plant]. 1261 47

The purpose of our research was to reveal the existence of an association between clinical expressions of visceral hypersensitivity--the intensity of abdominal pain and nature of endoscopic changes in the large intestine in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It was established that there was a direct association between the intensity of the pain syndrome and existence of endoscopic changes in the large intestine mucous coat. The macroscopic picture regarded as an inflammation of the mucous coat in patients with the IBS is not confirmed with the data of morphological research. The presence of endoscopic features of inflammation is not favorable from the prognostic point of view for deletion of abdominal pain in patients who undergo therapy with selective antagonists of calcium.
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PMID:[Visceral hypersensitivity of the large intestine mucosa in patients with irritable bowel syndrome--cause of the non-inflammatory changes in the pain syndrome]. 1462 17

Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterised clinically by periods of well being interspersed by exacerbations of disease activity. Differentiation between IBD and less severe disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome requires invasive and expensive diagnostic procedures. Diagnostic differentiation between active disease, symptoms due to residual constriction of the fibrotic lumen and functional symptoms is a well-known problem. There are not yet any laboratory parameters with sufficient discrimination in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Colonoscopy and histopathological examination remain the gold standards: in Crohn's disease this may be complex due to the variable localisation of the inflammatory process. Abdominal scintigraphic procedures, although informative, are complex and expensive. The recent assessment of faecal calprotectin, a calcium- and zinc-binding anti-inflammatory protein found in neutrophilic granulocytes and monocytes, offers an attractive alternative as an index of intestinal inflammation. We measured this stable marker in random stool samples from 187 patients including healthy volunteers, patients with endoscopically classified active IBD or IBD in remission, and patients with other gastrointestinal disorders. Disease activity was monitored by clinical symptoms, blood tests and endoscopy. Our results confirm previous literature findings that faecal calprotectin is a promising and useful non-invasive tool in the screening of patients presenting with abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Moreover, calprotectin seems helpful in differentiating between active and non-active IBD and possibly also in the monitoring of disease activity.
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PMID:[Calprotectin: a fecal marker for diagnosis and follow-up in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease]. 1467 76


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