Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0022104 (irritable bowel syndrome)
 8,033 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In recent years it has become apparent that the oxidation of lipids, or lipid peroxidation, is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of several disease states in adult and infant patients. Lipid peroxidation is a process generated naturally in small amounts in the body, mainly by the effect of several reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide etc.). It can also be generated by the action of several phagocytes. These reactive oxygen species readily attack the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the fatty acid membrane, initiating a self-propagating chain reaction. The destruction of membrane lipids and the end-products of such lipid peroxidation reactions are especially dangerous for the viability of cells, even tissues. Enzymatic (catalase, superoxide dismutasse) and nonenzymatic (vitamins A and E) natural antioxidant defence mechanisms exist; however, these mechanisms may be overcome, causing lipid peroxidation to take place. Since lipid peroxidation is a self-propagating chain-reaction, the initial oxidation of only a few lipid molecules can result in significant tissue damage. Despite extensive research in the field of lipid peroxidation it has not yet been precisely determined if it is the cause or an effect of several pathological conditions. Lipid peroxidation has been implicated in disease states such as atherosclerosis, IBD, ROP, BPD, asthma, Parkinson's disease, kidney damage, preeclampsia and others.
 ...
PMID:Lipid peroxidation and tissue damage. 1045 7

Vascular brain diseases are ranked the third as the cause of morbidity and mortality, in spite of the progress in diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive procedures. In the majority of cases of vascular brain diseases, it is ischemic brain disease, which is the final and the most severe stage of cerebral arteries atherosclerosis. Etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis is not closer defined yet, but oxidative hypothesis is distinguished among the numerous theories. Within this theory, main place is attached to oxidative modification of LDL and Lp(a), together with numerous physiopathologic facts with the central role of reactive oxidative matters, where endothelial dysfunction is the main disorder responsible for the onset of numerous impairments, such as changes in coagulation-anticoagulation system. Considering these facts, it was established the hypothesis that in patients with IBD existed changes in hemostatic system, which were in positive correlation with the degree of cerebral atherosclerosis. The study comprised 36 patients with acute IBD and 28 patients with atherosclerotic encephalopathy. Control group was comprised of 30 patients with non-vascular diseases of similar characteristics. We investigated the correlation of the changes in hemostatic system (platelet aggregation, anti-thrombin III, D-dimer, protein C, factor VII, factor VIII, PAI-1) compared to the degree of cerebral atherosclerosis (ultrasonographically) and compared to the observed groups of patients. On the basis of all, the results of this study revealed significant increase of procoagulant factors concentration in patients with IBD, and similar changes were observed in patients with atherosclerotic encephalopathy, but less pronounced. All these changes in the total sample of patients, and particularly in patients with the pronounced cerebral atherosclerosis, are of primary and chronic character.
 ...
PMID:The influence of the degree of cerebral atherosclerosis on the changes in hemostatic system in patients with ischemic brain disease and atherosclerotic encephalopathy. 1064 49

In this study, the relationship between age, carotid artery remodeling, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation is investigated in sedentary subjects and athletes. Thirty-two young and old healthy sedentary subjects and 32 age-matched endurance athletes underwent ultrasonography of the carotid wall for measuring intima-media thickness (IMT) and corrected integrated backscatter (C-IBS), two early indicators of the atherosclerosis process. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed by intra-brachial acetylcholine (strain-gauge plethysmography), at baseline and during NO sythase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), and the antioxidant Vitamin C. Response to sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was also evaluated. Independently of trained status, IMT and C-IBS were higher in older than in young individuals (p<0.0001), while response to acetylcholine, but not to SNP, was lower (p<0.0001). Older athletes showed lower IMT, lower C-IBS (p<0.0001), greater response to acetylcholine (p<0.0001), and greater inhibition of acetylcholine by L-NMMA (p<0.001) than older controls. Only in older sedentary individuals, Vitamin C increased response to acetylcholine (p<0.001) and restored the inhibiting effect of L-NMMA (p<0.01). In the whole population maximal acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was inversely related to IMT (r=-0.60, p<0.0001) and to C-IBS (r=-0.56, p<0.0001). In conclusion, regular physical training can attenuate the age-related impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, which is related to an attenuation of the age-induced remodeling of the carotid wall.
Atherosclerosis 2006 May
PMID:Endothelium-dependent vasodilation and carotid artery wall remodeling in athletes and sedentary subjects. 1610 74

Highly active antiretroviral therapy has greatly reduced AIDS-related morbidity and mortality; however, its widespread use has been associated with a marked rise in the frequency of cardiovascular diseases in patients with HIV. Moreover, HIV infection is associated with accelerated coronary atherosclerosis and vasculopathy, although the mechanisms underlying these findings have not been determined. We describe the case of a 45-year-old woman with HIV/HCV coinfection, irritable bowel syndrome, and accelerated progression of coronary atherosclerosis after execution of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In this case, the rapidity of progression of atherosclerosis seems linked principally to chronic inflammation and excess immune activation that can depend by a concourse of factors (chronic C hepatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, PCI execution) not directly associated with traditional risk factors. Caregivers following HIV-infected patients should be aware of the increased risk of accelerated atherogenesis in these subjects, principally in case of presence of causes of intense immune activation.
 ...
PMID:Accelerated coronary atherosclerosis after execution of percutaneous coronary intervention in patient with HIV/HCV coinfection: case report and review of the literature. 2127 45

Although much has been published about curcumin, which is obtained from turmeric, comparatively little is known about turmeric itself. Turmeric, a golden spice obtained from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa, has been used to give color and taste to food preparations since ancient times. Traditionally, this spice has been used in Ayurveda and folk medicine for the treatment of such ailments as gynecological problems, gastric problems, hepatic disorders, infectious diseases, and blood disorders. Modern science has provided the scientific basis for the use of turmeric against such disorders. Various chemical constituents have been isolated from this spice, including polyphenols, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenoids, sterols, and alkaloids. Curcumin, which constitutes 2-5% of turmeric, is perhaps the most-studied component. Although some of the activities of turmeric can be mimicked by curcumin, other activities are curcumin-independent. Cell-based studies have demonstrated the potential of turmeric as an antimicrobial, insecticidal, larvicidal, antimutagenic, radioprotector, and anticancer agent. Numerous animal studies have shown the potential of this spice against proinflammatory diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. At the molecular level, this spice has been shown to modulate numerous cell-signaling pathways. In clinical trials, turmeric has shown efficacy against numerous human ailments including lupus nephritis, cancer, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, acne, and fibrosis. Thus, a spice originally common in the kitchen is now exhibiting activities in the clinic. In this review, we discuss the chemical constituents of turmeric, its biological activities, its molecular targets, and its potential in the clinic.
...
PMID:Multitargeting by turmeric, the golden spice: From kitchen to clinic. 2288 2

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary cellular compartment where proteins are synthesized and modified before they can be transported to their destination. Dysfunction of the ER impairs protein homeostasis and leads to the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER, or ER stress. While it has long been recognized that ER stress is a major cause of conformational disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, certain types of cancer, and type 2 diabetes, recent evidence suggests that ER stress is also implicated in many chronic inflammatory diseases. These diseases include irritable bowel syndrome, atherosclerosis, diabetic complications, and many others. Diabetic retinopathy is a common microvascular complication of diabetes, characterized by chronic inflammation, progressive damage to retinal vascular and neuronal cells, vascular leakage, and abnormal blood vessel growth (neovascularization). In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of ER stress in retinal inflammation and vascular damage in diabetic retinopathy.
 ...
PMID:Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation: mechanisms and implications in diabetic retinopathy. 2333 21

Various disease states are associated with an imbalance of protective and pathogenic bacteria in the gut, termed dysbiosis. Current evidence reveals that dietary factors affect the microbial ecosystem in the gut. Changes to community structure of the intestinal microbiota are not without consequence considering the wide effects that the microbes have on both local and systemic immunity. The goal of this review is to give insight into the importance of gut microbiota in disease development and the possible therapeutic interventions in clinical settings. We introduce the complex tripartite relationship between diet, microbes and the gut epithelium. This is followed by a summary of clinical evidence of diet-induced dysbiosis as a contributing factor in the development of gastrointestinal diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and colorectal cancer, as well as systemic diseases like obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Finally, the current dietary and microbial interventions to promote a healthy microbial profile will be reviewed.
 ...
PMID:Clinical consequences of diet-induced dysbiosis. 2421 34

Dietary impacts on health may be one of the oldest concepts in medicine; however, only in recent years have technical advances in mass spectroscopy, gnotobiology, and bacterial sequencing enabled our understanding of human physiology to progress to the point where we can begin to understand how individual dietary components can affect specific illnesses. This review explores the current understanding of the complex interplay between dietary factors and the host microbiome, concentrating on the downstream implications on host immune function and the pathogenesis of disease. We discuss the influence of the gut microbiome on body habitus and explore the primary and secondary effects of diet on enteric microbial community structure. We address the impact of consumption of non-digestible polysaccharides (prebiotics and fiber), choline, carnitine, iron, and fats on host health as mediated by the enteric microbiome. Disease processes emphasized include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, IBD, and cardiovascular disease/atherosclerosis. The concepts presented in this review have important clinical implications, although more work needs to be done to develop fully and validate potential therapeutic approaches. Specific dietary interventions offer exciting potential for nontoxic, physiologic ways to alter enteric microbial structure and metabolism to benefit the natural history of many intestinal and systemic disorders.
...
PMID:The role of diet on intestinal microbiota metabolism: downstream impacts on host immune function and health, and therapeutic implications. 2566 12

IBD is an established risk factor for venous thromboembolism. In the past few years, studies have suggested that patients with IBD might also be at an increased risk of coronary heart disease and stroke. The increased risk is thought to be similar to the level of risk seen in patients with other chronic systemic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The risk of developing these conditions is particularly increased in young adults with IBD, and more so in women than in men. Conventional cardiovascular risk factors are not over-represented in patients with IBD, so the increased risk could be attributable to inflammation-mediated atherosclerosis. Patients with IBD often have premature atherosclerosis and have biochemical and genetic markers similar to those seen in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The role of chronic inflammation in IBD-associated cardiovascular disease merits further evaluation. Particular attention should be given to the increased risk observed during periods of increased disease activity and potential modification of the risk by immunosuppressive and biologic therapies for IBD that can modify the disease activity. In addition, preclinical studies suggest that cardiovascular medications such as statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors might also favourably modify IBD disease activity, which warrants further evaluation.
...
PMID:Epidemiology, risk factors and management of cardiovascular diseases in IBD. 2544 27

Although it is now known that the human body is colonized by a wide variety of microbial populations in different parts (such as the mouth, pharynx and respiratory system, the skin, the gastro- and urogenital tracts), many effects of the complex interactions between the human host and microbial symbionts are still not completely understood. The dysbiosis of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota is considered to be one of the most important contributing factors in the development of many gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and colorectal cancer, as well as systemic diseases like obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Fecal microbial transplantations appear to be promising therapies for dysbiosis-associated diseases; however, probiotic microorganisms have been growing in popularity due to increasing numbers of studies proving that certain strains present health promoting properties, among them the beneficial balance of the intestinal microbiota. Inflammatory bowel diseases and obesity are the pathologies in which there are more studies showing this beneficial association using animal models and even in human clinical trials. In this review, the association of the human gut microbiota and human health will be discussed along with the benefits that probiotics can confer on this symbiotic activity and on the prevention or treatment of associated diseases.
...
PMID:Effect of probiotic administration on the intestinal microbiota, current knowledge and potential applications. 2546 19


1 2 Next >>