Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021390 (inflammatory bowel disease)
 23,302 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Peripheral blood monocytes are recruited to the inflamed mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease but the specific chemotactic signals responsible for their attraction are not known. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is a chemokine with potent monocyte attracting and activating properties and the aim of this study was to examine its expression and production in inflammatory bowel disease. In situ hybridization demonstrated mRNA for MCP-1 in macrophages, some of which had been recently recruited from the circulation as demonstrated by their co-expression of the monocyte marker CD 14, as well as in smooth muscle and endothelial cells in inflamed mucosa. Immunohistochemical studies showed a corresponding distribution of MCP-1 protein production by macrophages, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. By contrast minimal MCP-1 mRNA expression and protein were found in histologically normal mucosa. Macrophages isolated from surgically resected inflammatory bowel disease colons and examined by Northern analysis expressed MCP-1 mRNA significantly more frequently (15/24 vs. 0/19, P< 0.0001) than macrophages from histologically normal mucosa from colon cancer resections. Blood monocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide and treated with hydrocortisone, 5-aminosalicylic acid, or cyclosporin A showed reduced MCP-1 expression and production in the presence of these agents. This study demonstrates increased expression of MCP-1 mRNA and protein and cells of origin of MCP-1 in inflamed intestinal mucosa. Together with the demonstrated influence of therapeutic agents on monocyte MCP-1 production the findings suggest a role for MCP-1 in monocyte attraction to the mucosal lesion of inflammatory bowel disease.
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PMID:Enhanced expression and production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in inflammatory bowel disease mucosa. 869 Oct 64

cDNA microarray technology is used to profile complex diseases and discover novel disease-related genes. In inflammatory disease such as rheumatoid arthritis, expression patterns of diverse cell types contribute to the pathology. We have monitored gene expression in this disease state with a microarray of selected human genes of probable significance in inflammation as well as with genes expressed in peripheral human blood cells. Messenger RNA from cultured macrophages, chondrocyte cell lines, primary chondrocytes, and synoviocytes provided expression profiles for the selected cytokines, chemokines, DNA binding proteins, and matrix-degrading metalloproteinases. Comparisons between tissue samples of rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease verified the involvement of many genes and revealed novel participation of the cytokine interleukin 3, chemokine Gro alpha and the metalloproteinase matrix metallo-elastase in both diseases. From the peripheral blood library, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, ferritin light chain, and manganese superoxide dismutase genes were identified as expressed differentially in rheumatoid arthritis compared with inflammatory bowel disease. These results successfully demonstrate the use of the cDNA microarray system as a general approach for dissecting human diseases.
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PMID:Discovery and analysis of inflammatory disease-related genes using cDNA microarrays. 912 63

The intestinal epithelium plays an important role in the recognition of pathogenic organisms and in the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the mucosa. Epithelial chemokine production may constitute a key target in future therapies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Chemokines are divided into two subfamilies, the C-C family and C-X-C family. Most C-C chemokines target mononuclear cells and many C-X-C chemokines attract neutrophils. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a C-X-C chemokine, acts as a motor for the recruitment of neutrophils into the non-inflamed mucosa and is present in both enterocytes and mucosal inflammatory cells. Epithelial cells may be the first to signal the presence of pathogens, as well as contributing to IL-8 production in IBD. Data have also shown that intestinal epithelial cells are able to respond to IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) at concentrations known to occur in the inflamed mucosa. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), a member of the C-C chemokine family, is noticeably increased in IBD. These data show that C-X-C and C-C chemokines are equally important properties of mucosal epithelial cells. The effects of two anti-inflammatory drugs (dexamethasone and cyclosporin) on chemokine production are significantly different and this provides a rationale for combination therapy.
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PMID:Review article: Chemokine production by intestinal epithelial cells: a therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease? 946 86

Several studies have demonstrated that intestinal epithelial cells play a major role in the initiation and perpetuation of intestinal inflammation by secreting proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. MCP-1 is suggested to be a chemokine that plays a major part during intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 have been described to exert anti-inflammatory properties on various cell types. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of Th2 cytokines on the production of MCP-1 by activated intestinal epithelial cells. We examined Caco-2 cells as well as intestinal epithelial cells which were isolated from surgical specimens. Production of the chemokine MCP-1 was determined under stimulated and non-stimulated conditions. IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 were added to stimulated epithelial cells under various culture conditions. Supernatants were analysed for cytokine concentrations using ELISAs. Under stimulation with physiological agents like IL-1beta or tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), we observed markedly increased concentrations of MCP-1 in supernatants of Caco-2 cells and intestinal epithelial cells. IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 all had the capacity to down-regulate the production of MCP-1 in Caco-2 cells as well as in freshly isolated epithelial cells. Caco-2 cells which were primed with Th2 cytokines 24 h before stimulation were subsequently decreased in their ability to be stimulated by IL-1beta or TNF-alpha for MCP-1 production. As MCP-1 has been shown to play a major role during intestinal inflammation, the in vitro suppression of MCP-1 in enterocytes suggests the in vivo use of regulatory cytokines in patients with active IBD.
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PMID:IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 down-regulate monocyte-chemoattracting protein-1 (MCP-1) production in activated intestinal epithelial cells. 947 75

The final composition of leukocytes present in a site of inflammation in response to chemokine stimulation and activation may depend on both the nature of the secreted chemokines as well as the relative expression of the multitude of specific chemokine cell surface receptors on many different cell types. Because related receptors with different affinities and cross-reactive binding capabilities are present on each type of leukocyte, relative differences in receptor distribution and receptor affinity for specific chemokines may significantly influence which cells are ultimately attracted to and activated by each individual chemokine. Production of IL-8, MCP-1, and ENA-78 by endothelial cells, LPMNC, and epithelial cells in IBD could establish a chemotactic gradient capable of influencing the increased migration of monocytes/macrophages, granulocytes, and lymphocytes from the blood stream through the endothelium into both the mucosa and submucosa during chronic IBD. The ability of chemokines to induce chemotaxis, leukocyte activation, granule exocytosis, increased production of metalloenzymes, and up-regulation of respiratory burst activity indicates that there may be a variety of different mechanisms by which chemokines could markedly increase chronic inflammation and chronic intestinal tissue destruction in IBD.
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PMID:The central role of chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) in the immunopathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. 955 29

Differential chemokine production by colonic epithelial cells is thought to contribute to the characteristic increased infiltration of selected population of leukocytes cells in inflammatory bowel disease. We have previously demonstrated that IL-13 enhances IL-1alpha-induced IL-8 secretion by the colonic epithelial cell line HT-29. We have now explored the C-C chemokine expression and modulation in this system. The combination of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma was the minimal stimulation required for regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) mRNA expression and secretion by HT-29 cells. The same stimulation induced a stronger IL-8 mRNA expression and secretion. Pretreatment with IL-13 or IL-4, reduced significantly the RANTES, and MCP-1, but not IL-8 mRNA expression and secretion. In contrast, IL-10 had no effect on either MCP-1, or RANTES, or IL-8 generation. Pretreatment of HT-29 cells with wortmannin suggested that the IL-13-induced inhibition of C-C chemokine expression is via activation of a wortmannin-sensitive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. These data demonstrate that colonic epithelial cell chemokine production can be differentially regulated by T cell-derived cytokines and suggest an interplay between epithelial cells and T lymphocytes potentially important in the intestinal inflammation.
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PMID:C-X-C and C-C chemokine expression and secretion by the human colonic epithelial cell line, HT-29: differential effect of T lymphocyte-derived cytokines. 1006 68

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. Intestinal bacteria initiate the activation of intestinal inflammatory processes, which are mediated by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In inflammatory bowel disease, intestinal inflammation is not downregulated, in part due to defective or absent inhibitory processes. Studies to date have demonstrated that IL-8, MCP-1, and ENA-78 are highly expressed in the intestinal mucosa in areas of active Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Neutrophils and macrophages in the inflamed intestine synthesize and secrete large amounts of chemokines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Increased chemokine expression has also been observed in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. Future trials of specific agents capable of inhibiting chemokine synthesis and secretion or blocking chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction will be important to study in patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
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PMID:Chemokines in the inflammatory bowel diseases. 1053 2

Chemokines are important mediators of inflammation. Animal studies suggest that inhibition of chemokine action results in a decrease in inflammation. Novel anti-inflammatory agents directed against chemokines are now available. Surgeons are uniquely positioned to treat multiple chemokine-mediated diseases. In this article, we review the biology and nomenclature of chemokines as well as their role in neutrophil migration. Further, the potential role of chemokines in various diseases related to surgical conditions, including adult respiratory distress syndrome, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and solid organ rejection, is reviewed. Finally, the idea that chemokines could be targets for novel therapeutic agents is discussed.
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PMID:Chemokines as mediators of diseases related to surgical conditions. 1090 85

Chemokines represent a large family of small cytokines, the main function of which is the attraction of leukocytes to different tissues. Several chemokines and their receptors have been shown to play a critical role in lymphoid development, mucosal immunity, and inflammation. In this article we review recent advances in chemokine physiology and their potential role in the pathogenesis of mucosal inflammation. We also discuss the potential for the use of chemokine or chemokine receptor antagonists as novel therapies for inflammatory bowel disease.
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PMID:The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in mucosal inflammation. 1114 63

To elucidate the biological dysregulation underlying two forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), we examined global gene expression profiles of inflamed colonic tissue using DNA microarrays. Our results identified several genes with altered expression not previously linked to IBD. In addition to the expected upregulation of various cytokine and chemokine genes, novel immune function-related genes such as IGHG3, IGLL2 and CD74, inflammation-related lipocalins HNL and NGAL, and proliferation-related GRO genes were over-expressed in UC. Certain cancer-related genes such as DD96, DRAL and MXI1 were differentially expressed only in UC. Other genes over-expressed in both UC and CD included the REG gene family and the calcium-binding S100 protein genes S100A9 and S100P. The natural antimicrobial defensin DEFA5 and DEFA6 genes were particularly over-expressed in CD. Overall, significant differences in the expression profiles of 170 genes identified UC and CD as distinct molecular entities. The genomic map locations of the dysregulated genes may identify novel candidates for UC and CD genetic susceptibility.
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PMID:Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: distinctive gene expression profiles and novel susceptibility candidate genes. 1118 68


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