Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021311 (Infection)
 38,178 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fecal excretion of astroviruses was monitored in 321 children, 0 to 3 years old, living in the rural highlands of Guatemala. During the longitudinal study, from February 1987 to February 1989, we examined 5,000 stool specimens, including 1,805 collected during 1,369 episodes of diarrhea, 830 collected during the convalescent week, and 216 and 244 collected 2 weeks and 1 week, respectively, before the onset of diarrhea. Routine specimens were taken once a month from every child who had been free from diarrhea for at least three consecutive weeks. Of the children, 124 (38.6%) excreted astroviruses during the study. In total, we identified 184 infections by astroviruses. Of the samples collected 2 weeks and 1 week before the initiation of symptoms, 0.9 and 4.9%, respectively, were positive, while 7.3% of the diarrhea episodes were associated with astroviruses. Of the convalescent specimens, 3.4% were shown to be positive; 2.4% of the 1,905 specimens taken in diarrhea-free periods contained astroviruses. Infections by other potential enteropathogens were documented in 54 and 65% of the asymptomatic and symptomatic astrovirus infections, respectively. Diarrhea associated with astroviruses alone had a median duration of 5 days and was associated with vomiting in 8.6%, with fever in 17.1%, with dehydration in 5.7%, and with loss of appetite in 34.3% of the episodes. Diarrhea due to astroviruses was accompanied by negative changes in weight gain. Astrovirus diarrhea contributes to the high morbidity observed in young children living under poor conditions and has a deleterious effect on their nutritional status.
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PMID:Astrovirus-associated diarrhea among Guatemalan ambulatory rural children. 158 11

Symptoms of infection in the elderly may be absent, vague or atypical. Infection should be suspected when an elderly patient presents with a decline in well-being or with non-specific symptoms such as falls, dizziness, confusion, anorexia or weakness. Common infections include bacterial pneumonia, urinary tract infection, intra-abdominal infections, gram-negative bacteremia and infection of decubitus ulcers. Antibiotic therapy is not recommended for asymptomatic bacteriuria or locally infected decubitus ulcers. Drug dosages should be adjusted for the age-associated decline in renal function and for hepatic or renal insufficiency. The trend in antibiotic therapy is evolving toward the use of third-generation cephalosporins instead of aminoglycosides to avoid the side effects of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Pneumococcal, influenza and tetanus/diphtheria immunizations help prevent morbidity and mortality.
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PMID:Common infections in the elderly. 848 May 62

Infection and inflammation are associated with hypertriglyceridemia, which is thought to be mediated by cytokines. Previous studies at our laboratory and others have shown that tumor necrosis factor acutely increases serum triglyceride levels primarily by stimulating hepatic lipid synthesis and secretion. The role of interleukin-1 (IL-1), a cytokine that is also secreted by stimulated macrophages and that has many actions that overlap those of tumor necrosis factor, has not been studied in depth. The present study demonstrates that IL-1, at doses similar to those that cause fever and anorexia and that stimulate adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion, rapidly increases serum triglyceride levels; this elevation persists for at least 17 hours. Serum cholesterol levels are not altered by IL-1. Neither is the clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins affected by IL-1. However, hepatic triglyceride secretion, measured by the Triton WR-1339 technique, is increased in IL-1-treated animals. Accompanying this stimulation in hepatic lipid secretion is an increase in de novo fatty acid synthesis in the liver. IL-1 does not increase serum free fatty acid and glycerol levels, suggesting that IL-1 does not stimulate lipolysis in vivo. Additionally, inhibition of lipolysis does not prevent the increase in serum triglyceride levels, providing further evidence that lipolysis does not play a crucial role in the increased hepatic lipid synthesis and secretion induced by IL-1. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor increases lipolysis, which contributes to the increase in serum triglycerides. That multiple cytokines rapidly elevate plasma triglyceride levels suggest that these changes in lipid metabolism may play an important role in the organism's response to infection and inflammation.
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PMID:Effect of interleukin-1 on lipid metabolism in the rat. Similarities to and differences from tumor necrosis factor. 202 92

Infection of seronegative Welsh mountain ponies was established by intranasal instillation or exposure to nebulised aerosol of egg grown H3N8 viruses. Pyrexia and coughing were noted following intranasal instillation and high titres of virus were recovered from the nasopharynx. Exposure to aerosol resulted in more severe clinical signs characterised by high temperatures, dyspnoea, anorexia and coughing; lower levels of virus were recovered from the nasopharynx. The severity of clinical signs and the kinetics of virus shedding were dose-related with the minimal infectious dose being 10(2)EID50/ml when ponies were exposed to aerosols produced by nebulisation of 20ml allantoic fluid. Full clinical signs only developed when ponies were exposed to a dose of 10(6)EID50/ml. It was concluded that exposure to nebulised aerosols of egg grown H3N8 viruses was a more reliable method of inducing clinical influenza than intranasal inoculation and would be more suitable for challenge studies.
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PMID:Experimental infection of ponies with equine influenza (H3N8) viruses by intranasal inoculation or exposure to aerosols. 215 88

Thirteen 3-week-old pigs that had been allowed to nurse for the first 16 to 18 hours after birth were orally inoculated with 1 x 10(6.5) TCID50 of porcine rotavirus. All developed diarrhea, anorexia, and vomiting by postinoculation (PI) hour 30. These signs had abated by PI day 6. Villus blunting in the small intestine was most severe in the jejunum and ileum of pigs euthanatized between PI days 3 and 5. Villi had returned to nearly normal length by PI day 6, although fused villi were seen in a few locations in the distal portion of the jejunum and in the ileum. Virus was detected in the feces of inoculated pigs by isolation in cell cultures and by electron microscopy during the 7-day course of the experiment. There was 1 extraintestinal virus isolation from the lung of 1 pig at PI day 2. Infection and disease developed in the presence of serum-neutralizing antibody obtained by nursing seropositive sows. There was no significant change in neutralizing antibody titers in the 3-week-old pigs over the course of the experiment. In this experimental work, a model to study rotavirus infection in 3-week-old pigs has been developed.
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PMID:Experimental rotavirus infection in three-week-old pigs. 255 35

Infections by Cryptosporidium were detected in association with clinical disease in 11 humans (Homo sapiens), 19 calves (Bos taurus), nine common quail (Coturnix coturnix), six mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), five ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and a single budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus). Infections in mammals were accompanied by transient diarrhoea and anorexia, whereas infected birds exhibited clinical signs of respiratory distress. Repeated cross-transmission studies revealed apparent strain differences or differences in the host specificity of several mammalian and avian isolates for homologous vertebrate classes only. Oocysts from humans and calves were infective to mice, pigs or lambs, but not to chickens, whereas oocysts from quail and pheasant were infective to chickens, but not to mice.
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PMID:Cryptosporidium infections in birds and mammals and attempted cross-transmission studies. 296 17

Forty-six gnotobiotic calves aged less than 16 days or 42-116 days were infected with three strains of bovine rotavirus designated C3-160, CP-1 and PP-1. Each virus was passaged and cloned in cell culture (cloned viruses) but CP-1 and PP-1 were also used before culture (faecal viruses). Infection of calves aged less than 16 days with faecal or cloned CP-1 caused disease whereas cloned C3-160 and faecal or cloned PP-1 caused subclinical infections. The clinical signs of disease were change in faecal colour to pale yellow or cream, increase of 2- to 7-fold in the volume of faecal output and, usually, anorexia. With the virulent CP-1 virus and the avirulent C3-160, similar amounts of virus were excreted in the faeces for 4-6 days. Infection of calves aged 56-116 days with faecal CP-1 produced disease of similar severity to that seen in calves aged 7-10 days infected with the same virus. No differences in clinical signs, virus excretion or levels of convalescent antibody were seen between the two groups. With cloned CP-1, 5 of 8 older calves developed disease but 3 showed only mild signs of infection. It was concluded that two strains of rotavirus caused sub-clinical infections in young calves while a third was virulent in calves up to at least 116 days of age.
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PMID:Variation in virulence of bovine rotaviruses. 300 6

To evaluate the effects of chronic infection on skeletal muscle dimensions and contractile properties, we used a hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis, a parasitic infection of the reticuloendothelial system produced by Leishmania donovani (LD). To distinguish between effects of reduced caloric intake and infection per se, we also studied healthy control animals and noninfected animals subjected to caloric restriction. Three muscles were tested in vitro: plantaris, soleus, and diaphragm. Both caloric restriction and LD infection caused loss of body weight and reduced muscle cross-sectional areas and wet weights. The interventions had variable effects on in vitro contractile properties, the most pronounced being reduction in peak tension in response to tetanic stimulation. Tension loss was 35-45%, except for a loss of 65% in plantaris of LD-infected animals. We conclude that chronic LD infection affects skeletal muscles in both indirect and direct ways. 1) Reduced caloric intake due to anorexia decreases muscle size and active tension. Disuse probably enhances this effect in limb muscles. 2) Infection produces profound weakness of inactive fast-twitch muscle by unknown mechanisms.
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PMID:Effects of a chronic wasting infection on skeletal muscle size and contractile properties. 335 64

The most common sign of febrile diseases is anorexia, which develops at a time when adequate caloric and micronutrient availability may be critical. In order to study the relationship of fever and anorexia, feed intake in dwarf goats was studied under conditions of fever and antipyresis. Furthermore, experiments were done to establish whether a feed intake stimulant would override the anorexia during febrile conditions. Infection with Ehrlichia phagocytophila and i.v. injection of Escherichia coli endotoxin (0(111) B4, 0.1 microgram/kg body weight) both resulted in increased rectal temperatures and significant reductions in feed intake. Administration of the antipyretic drug flurbiprofen (1 mg/kg) to febrile animals inhibited the temperature responses, but food intake was still suppressed. Diazepam (0.06 mg/kg), a feed intake stimulant, did not override the anorexia associated with fever. Blocking the febrile response of E. coli LPS-injected goats with flurbiprofen plus diazepam or with flurbiprofen plus naloxone (0.1 mg/kg) did not antagonise their reduced feed intake either. The effects of these drugs and of endotoxin on rumen motility adds an interesting aspect to their activities in the CNS, since the CNS has been shown to regulate various aspects of forestomach motility, which in turn could alter feeding behaviour. Moreover, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the suppression of feed intake might depend on the release of interleukin-1.
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PMID:Anorexia during febrile conditions in dwarf goats. The effect of diazepam, flurbiprofen and naloxone. 354 57

The Ehrlichia are tick-borne rickettsial organisms that cause disease in animals throughout the world but that have been previously recognized as human pathogens only in Asia. We have identified six patients with serological evidence of recent infection with an Ehrlichia: a fourfold or greater rise or fall in titer to Ehrlichia canis. All of the patients reported recent tick bites. Rigors, myalgia, headache, nausea, and anorexia were each reported by five patients. Fever was present in all patients and was accompanied by relative bradycardia and leukopenia in five patients, thrombocytopenia and abnormal liver function test results in four, and anemia in three. Five of the six patients were treated with tetracycline hydrochloride, and all recovered. Infection with Ehrlichia should be considered in patients with unexplained febrile illnesses after tick exposure.
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PMID:Unexplained febrile illnesses after exposure to ticks. Infection with an Ehrlichia? 358 28


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