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Query: UMLS:C0021311 (Infection)
 38,178 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infection of mice with A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) and A/PR8/34 (H0N1) influenza virus strains resulted in a significant inhibition of the formation of antibody-producing cells in response to administration of sheep erythrocytes and a reduced capacity of spleen cells to induce "graft-versus-host" reaction. The immunosuppression caused by influenza infection was observed for a long period of time post infection (3--6 months). The extent of inhibition of antibody production depended on the dose of virus, route of inoculation, the sequence of infection and immunization and the internal between them. Heat-inactivated virus exerted no immunosuppressive effect.
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PMID:Effect of influenza virus on the immune responsiveness of animals. 1 78

Influenza, parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial viruses cause respiratory infections in man with consequent transient and sometimes imperfect against reinfection. Humoral immunity and probably cell-mediated immunity contribute to resistance. Whereas circulating antibodies are more important for influenza viruses, secretory antibody are relatively speaking more important for parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virsues. Measles and mumps induced longlasting immunity which can be correlated with circulating neutralizing antibodies. Certain immune responses against measles and respiratory syncytial virus cause pathological reactions after infection with the same virus.
Infection 1976
PMID:Immunity after infections with Myxoviruses. 5 7

Inactivated whole-virus vaccine of influenza A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus containing 700 or 1,400 chick cell-agglutinating (CCA) units, a purified subunit vaccine of equivalent dosage, or placebo were studied in 186 adult volunteers. Placebo was least reactogenic, 1,400-CCA unit whole-virus vaccine was most reactogenic, and others were intermediate. Vaccines were equally antigenic, and delineation of antibody specificities revealed antibody cross-reacting with A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) virus in all sera. Antibody specific for A/Hong Kong/68 virus was found in 82% of sera and for A/Scotland/74 virus in 46%. When compared with volunteers given placebo, volunteers given 700 CCA units of subunit or whole-virus vaccine exhibited significant protection against infection with live A/Scotland/74 virus. Infections in vaccinees occurred only in those with low titers of antibody to A/Scotland/74 virus, and this antibody was of the cross-reacting type. Persons with moderate and high levels of antibody resisted infection regardless of the absence or presence of antibody specific for A/Scotland/74 virus. Purified subunit vaccines provide an alternative to whole-virus preparations in primed individuals. Efficacy of vaccines may be dependent on the nature of the antibody response.
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PMID:Efficacy of purified influenza subunit vaccines and relation to the major antigenic determinants on the hemagglutinin molecule. 9 11

Antibody-mediated immune suppression occurred when newborn pigs with naturally acquired passive antibody were exposed to seine influenza virus. Frequency and relative ease of recovery of virus from nasal secretions were inversely related to the concentration of specific passive antibody existing at time of exposure. Severe overt respiratory signs during the acute stages of the disease were observed only in pigs with low passive antibody concentrations. The concentration of passive antibody at the time of exposure determined the immune status of the pig during the convalescent stage of disease. Infection could occur in the presence of high passive antibody concentrations, but the pig was not immunologically stimulated. Reexposure after the decay of passive antibody produced primary immune respone, severe clinical reinfection, and recovery of virus from nasal secretions for a period of time similar to that seen in pigs having their first exposure. Infection of newborn pigs with low passive antibody concentrations led to immunologic priming. A second exposure to virus produced a secondary immune response, mild clinical disease, and shortened time during which virus was recovered from nasal secretions. The relevance of these studies for the practice of vaccination or infections of the dam before parturition so that the neonate will have specific passive immunity is discussed.
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PMID:Influence of antibody-mediated immune suppression on clinical, viral, and immune responses to swine influenza infection. 12 40

534 serum samples from 73 renal transplant recipients, 41 haemodialysis patients, and 99 blood and organ donors were examined serologically for antibodies against Cytomegalo, H. simplex (types 1 and 2), Varicella-zoster, Epstein-Barr, Adeno, Influenza, Parainfluenza, Respiratory syncytial, Measles, Picorna- and human Polyoma- Viruses. Serum specimens were stored in the lyophilized state until examined thus enabling a simultaneous testing of all samples belonging to one patient. All antigens, complement, and control antisera were prepared, lyophilized, and standardized in this laboratory. This has enabled the use of single batches of any preparation throughout the study. Serologic results with antigens of the Herpesvirus group (CMV, HSV and VZV) compared favourably with previous results showing that infections with these agents, especially with CMV, can frequently be encountered among transplant recipients. Our results have indicated a moderately increased incidence of infections with some Herpesviruses in haemodialysis patients as well. Infections with VZV, for instance, were as frequently demonstrated in these patients, as in transplant patients although the former received no immunosuppressive therapy. Serologic results with non-Herpesvirus antigens indicated an increased incidence of infections with Polyomavirus, Myxoviruses (Influenza, Parainfluenza and RS) and Picornaviruses among transplant recipients. The incidence of acute infections with RS virus among adults was unusually high and there is no evidence so far to indicate such a high frequency of RS infections in any other group of adults. We were unable to demonstrate acute infections with non-Herpesviruses among haemodialysis patients, even though most of the patients were followed over a period of more than 2 years. Virus isolation attempts were performed with samples of urines and biopsy or autopsy samples. 23 out of 28 cytopathic agents recovered from urines, throat-swabs and/or from organs of transplant recipients were identified as CMV. Two HSV type 1, 1 HSV type 2, and 2 Coxsackie B type 3 viruses were also isolated. No viruses were isolated from a series of 31 kidneys randomly selected among autopsy cases.
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PMID:Virus infections in renal transplant recipients. 12 45

Individuals with chronic lung disease and their families were selected from the Tecumsch community along with similarly selected families as comparison groups and studied for 1-year periods. Occurence of acute respiratory illness was ascertained weekly by telephone and calculated as an annual rate. Persons with chronic bronchitis not only experienced more acute lower respiratory illness than healthy comparison subjects, but total illness rates were somewhat higher as well. Infection rates were determined from blood samples taken 3 times from each participant during the surveillance year. Antibody tests were performed for respiratory syncytial virus, para-influenza virus types 1, 2, and 3, influenza types A and B, coronavirus OC43, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Differences in serologic infection rates among the subgroups of the population were similar to those seen in the clinical data, with more frequent infection among those with bronchitis than among the comparison subjects. This finding indicates that some degree of increased susceptibility to actual infection existed among those individuals with bronchitis. Influence of smoking on illness and infection rates was also examined. Infections were, in general, more frequent in smokers than in nonsmokers, but illness rates were reversed, suggesting that perception of disease differed in the 2 groups. Rates of illness and infection of other adults in the families of the index individuals with bronchitis were not influenced by the higher rates seen in the index individuals; however, it was of interest that children of persons with bronchitis did have somewhat higher rates of infection than children of comparison subjects.
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PMID:The Tecumseh study of respiratory illness. VIII. Acute infection in chronic respiratory disease and comparison groups. 16 65

401 cases of viral pneumonia diagnosed between January 1973 and August 1975 were investigated serologically by the complement-fixation test. The percentage distribution of the responsible pathogenic organism in this series of cases was as follows: influenza virus A 45.9%, Mycoplasma pneumoniae 19.5%, Coxsackie B viruses 9.2%, cytomegalovirus 7.5% and Chlamydia psittaci 8.5%. The remaining 9.4% cases were caused by adeno, parainfluenza, measles, influenza B, herpes simplex and respiratory syncytial viruses. Influenza virus was found mainly in elderly people (mean age 58.4 years), whilst pneumonia due to Mycoplasma occurred mainly in young adults (mean age 24.4 years). Infections with Coxsackie B viruses were almost entirely restriced to the warmer months; by contrast, the influenza virus was usually found in epidemic form and only during a few weeks in winter.
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PMID:[Aetiological studies on viral pneumonia (author's transl)]. 18 13

The association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis was studied by serologic or isolation techniques in 46 adult men during the five years from 1964 through 1968. Serologic evidence of viral or M. pneumoniae infection was detected in 25% of 166 episodes of exacerbation and 14% of 138 remission periods (P = 0.02). Influenza A virus, parainfluenza virus type 3, and coronavirus OC43 predominated; infections with other viruses were infrequent. Infection with M. pneumoniae was detected serologically in four patients, but this organism was never isolated from sputum specimens. Rhinoviruses were isolated from frozen-stored sputum specimens in in 2.7% of the episodes of exacerbation and from 0.55% of the remission intervals (P not significant). These data suggest that although exacerbations of chronic bronchitis may be accompanied by viral and M. pneumoniae infections, patients with chronic bronchitis also acquire such infections without a worsening of their respiratory status.
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PMID:Infections with viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae during exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 20 30

Infection of chick embryo cell (CEC) cultures with influenza virus results in the appearance of neuraminidase activity lost by the cells as a result of cultivation. Neuraminidase activity is associated mainly with the lysomal cell fraction. Different distribution of neuraminidase activity in lysosomes with various densities, different reaction to sodium ethylene diamine tetracetate (EDTA) and differenct optimal pH suggest that at early stages of viral infection the cell enzyme is activated and by the 7th hour of infection viral neuraminidase is synthesized.
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PMID:Neuraminidase activity of influenza virus-infected cells: localization and properties. 23 58

The effect of a sublethal dose (0-5 LD50) of influenza A/WSN (H0N1) administered intranasally in the 1st and 3rd weeks of pregnancy was studied in C3H inbred mice. Maternal and neonatal mortality rates were significantly increased by infections in the 3rd week of pregnancy, but not in the 1st week. Infections during the last part of the 1st week significantly depressed the growth rate of neonates. No evidence of viraemia, transplacental transmission or congenital malformations were observed from infections during either week. The results are discussed in terms of a possible model for human influenza infections during pregnancy to determine the potential risks to the mother, fetus and neonate.
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PMID:Influenza infections during pregnancy in the mouse. 26 1


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