Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of hepatitis delta virus antibodies was determined in four cohorts of homosexual or bisexual men positive for hepatitis B surface antigen who were evaluated between April 1984 and April 1985. Antibodies to hepatitis delta virus were found in 16 of 106 men in Los Angeles (15.1%; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 8.3% to 21.9%); 6 of 64 men in San Francisco (9.4%; 95% Cl, 3.5% to 19.3%); 1 of 76 men in Pittsburgh (1.3%; 95% Cl, 0.03% to 7.1%); and 0 of 52 men in Chicago (0%; 95% Cl, 0% to 5.6%). From 44.0% to 65.4% of men negative for hepatitis delta virus and all men positive for hepatitis delta virus but one (P less than 0.0001) were positive for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In multivariate analysis, infection with hepatitis delta virus was associated with intravenous drug use (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 6.7, P less than 0.01), with sexual activity as measured by number of partners (adjusted OR = 8.4, p less than 0.01), and probably with rectal trauma (adjusted OR = 3.9, P = 0.17). As with HIV infection, prevalence of hepatitis delta virus infection in homosexual men differs by location and is most likely transmitted both sexually and parenterally.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis delta virus in homosexual men. A study of four cohorts. 333 16

Drug abuse treatment programs in six regions of the United States collaborated in a study aimed at monitoring trends in the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies. The wide disparities in HIV seroprevalence in the face of similarities in drug using behavior have important implications for prevention. In the New York City area (Harlem, Brooklyn), 61 per cent of samples (N = 280) obtained in late 1986 were positive, up from 50 per cent of samples (N = 585) in early 1985. In Baltimore, Maryland, 29 per cent of samples (N = 184) representing 11 programs were positive. In contrast, samples from programs distant from the Northeast corridor had far lower rates: Denver, Colorado 5 per cent (N = 100); San Antonio, Texas 2 per cent (N = 106); Southern California, 1.5 per cent (N = 413); and Tampa, Florida, 0 per cent (N = 102). Contrary to expectations, there was no corresponding difference in reported lifetime needle sharing experiences, which ranged from 70 per cent in New York to 99 per cent in San Antonio. HIV seropositivity was associated only with geographic location and ethnicity; however, because needle sharing is practiced by parenteral drug abusers in areas where seroprevalence is still relatively low, these areas are potentially vulnerable to the same catastrophic spread seen in the Northeast. A window of opportunity exists where prompt, vigorous, and aggressive efforts at prevention could have major impact.
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PMID:Geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus markers in parenteral drug abusers. 334 73

To investigate the risk of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in San Francisco, the prevalence of antibodies to HIV was determined in 281 heterosexual intravenous drug users recruited from community-based settings. Ten per cent of subjects had ELISA and Western blot confirmed seropositivity for antibodies (95 per cent CI 6.8-14.2 per cent). Analysis of behavioral factors revealed an increased risk of seropositivity in addicts who reported regularly sharing needles when injecting, particularly those sharing with two or more persons (odds ratio = 5.43; 95 per cent CI 1.08-52.5). Blacks and Latinos also had a greater prevalence of seropositivity than Whites, and this finding persisted after adjustment for needle sharing (adjusted odds ratio = 2.8; 95 per cent CI .84-8.59). Seropositivity was not associated with age, sex, duration of drug use, or history of prostitution. These data indicate that a new epidemic of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in intravenous drug users, similar to that which has occurred among homosexuals in San Francisco, is possible. The relatively low seroprevalence in 1985 provides health officials an important opportunity to intervene and attempt to prevent widespread infection of drug users with HIV.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection in heterosexual intravenous drug users in San Francisco. 346 96

Forty-nine percent of homosexual/bisexual men were positive for antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a population-based probability sample of 1034 single men recruited from San Francisco. All heterosexual men were negative. Among seropositive men, marked lymphadenopathy was present in 29%, and 16% had at least two other symptoms or signs suggestive of HIV infection. However, lymphadenopathy alone failed to indicate severity of immune impairment. The occurrence of two or more clinical signs and symptoms, except for marked lymphadenopathy, correlated with HIV infection, diminished skin test reactivity, and reduction in Leu 3a T cells. Twenty-nine percent of seropositive men had fewer than 400 absolute Leu 3a T helper cells per microliter (less than 0.4 X 10(9)/L). Seronegative homosexual/bisexual men did not differ from heterosexual men in any clinical or laboratory variables except for increased numbers of suppressor Leu 2a T suppressor cells per microliter.
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PMID:Clinical, immunologic, and serologic findings in men at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The San Francisco Men's Health Study. 349 10

The San Francisco Men's Health Study is a prospective study of the epidemiology and natural history of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of 1034 single men, 25 to 54 years of age, recruited by multistage probability sampling. At entry, June 1984 through January 1985, the seropositivity rate for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among homosexual/bisexual study participants was 48.5%. No heterosexual participants were HIV seropositive. Among homosexual/bisexual men reporting no male sexual partners in the two years before entry into the study, seropositivity was 17.6%. For those reporting more than 50 partners, seropositivity was 70.8%. Only receptive anal/genital contact had a significantly elevated risk of HIV infection. Douching was the only ancillary sexual practice that contributed significantly to risk of infection.
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PMID:Sexual practices and risk of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. The San Francisco Men's Health Study. 354 Mar 27

The prevalence and incidence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been under study in a cohort of 1,034 single men recruited by area probability sampling from a six kilometer square area of San Francisco where the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been most severe. Prevalence of infection among homosexual/bisexual study subjects increased from an estimated 22.8 per cent during the last half of 1982 to 48.6 per cent during the period July through December 1984. During three subsequent six-month periods, prevalence remained stable at approximately 50 per cent. Annual infection rates, measured by seroconversion among seronegative study subjects, decreased from an estimated 18.4 per cent per year from 1982 to 1984, to 5.4 and 3.1 per cent during the first and second halves of 1985, and to 4.2 per cent during the first six months of 1986. These declines were associated with reductions of 60 per cent or more in the prevalence of high-risk sexual practices associated with both acquiring and disseminating infection by the human immunodeficiency virus.
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PMID:The San Francisco Men's Health Study: III. Reduction in human immunodeficiency virus transmission among homosexual/bisexual men, 1982-86. 364 48

Reported cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in San Francisco as of March 31, 1986, include 92 individuals who had donated blood subsequent to 1978. Their donated blood components had been transfused into 406 different recipients. The current status of 336 of these recipients was ascertained as of April 1, 1986. Of these, 223 had died at the time of our first contact, almost all as a result of the condition for which they were transfused. Seven had developed AIDS; five of these died, two before entry into the study and three subsequently. Forty-six additional living recipients were interviewed and evaluated. Seven had the AIDS-related complex, 18 had antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but were otherwise healthy, and 19 had no detectable anti-HIV. Two had risk factors other than transfusion. The frequency of infection of the recipient decreased as the time interval between transfusion and the diagnosis of AIDS in the donor increased. This information should be useful when counseling patients who have been transfused with blood components from donors later found to be infected with HIV.
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PMID:Risk of AIDS for recipients of blood components from donors who subsequently developed AIDS. 366 47

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to selective depletion of the helper/inducer lymphocyte subset and a subsequent state of acquired cellular immunodeficiency. Simultaneously, evidence of B-cell hyper-activity may exist. A subset of patients infected with HIV demonstrates a syndrome of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL). Lymph node biopsies reveal benign reactive changes with a pattern of florid follicular hyperplasia. A polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia reflects humoral immune dysfunction. Patients with PGL are similar to those with full-blown AIDS with regards to demographics, immune and virologic studies. Our prospective natural history study of PGL patients initiated in November 1981 reveals a 15% rate of evolution to AIDS in the 200 patient cohort. Factors associated with increased risk of transformation to AIDS include severity of constitutional symptoms, shrinking adenopathy, oral candidiasis or viral hairy leukoplakia, peripheral cytopenias, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or an antecedent episode of herpes zoster. Therapeutic interventions to prevent evolution to AIDS in high risk subsets of lymphadenopathy patients have been investigated. In addition to benign B-cell proliferation associated with HIV infection, malignant lymphomas have also been diagnosed in 29 patients in AIDS risk groups in our clinic population. All patients were male; 26 homosexuals, 2 IV drug abusers and 1 multiply transfused sickle cell anemia patient. Seven patients had antecedent PGL. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was diagnosed in 19 patients. Histologies were predominantly diffuse undifferentiated or large cell. Eleven patients were Stage IV at diagnosis. Of 10 patients with mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease, 7 were Stage IV-B at presentation. Extranodal disease was frequent in patients with lymphomas. Fourteen patients lacked peripheral lymphadenopathy. Response to chemotherapy was good, but complicated by prolonged marrow suppression and development of AIDS-related opportunistic infections. Median survival was 7 months. Laboratory studies investigating the possible role of lymphotropic retroviruses in the development of AIDS-related lymphomas revealed that serum from all patients with high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma contained antibodies to HIV and that the majority also expressed antibodies to HTLV-I. This degree of seroreactivity to HTLV-I and HIV was characteristic only of lymphoma patients as sera from only 10 - 15% of AIDS and ARC patients in San Francisco had similar findings.
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PMID:AIDS-related benign lymphadenopathy and malignant lymphoma: clinical aspects and virologic interactions. 382 9

To evaluate the impact of older age (> 50 years old) on survival in late-stage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, the authors analyzed 846 HIV-infected patients at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center from 1987 to 1992. The median age was 42 years with 171 (20.2%) subjects aged 50 or more years. Survival was measured from the date of initial lymphocyte testing (median CD4 count, 223 cells/mm3) until death or censoring. Compared with those aged less than 40 years, and after multivariate proportional hazards adjustment for other significant determinants of survival (CD4 percentage, CD8 count, hematocrit, and prior acquired immunodeficiency syndrome diagnosis), there was no difference in survival for those aged 40-49 years, but there was a trend toward decreased survival in those aged 50-59 years (relative hazard = 1.32, 95% confidence interval 0.90-1.94) and in those aged 60 or more years (relative hazard = 1.56, 95% confidence interval 0.99-2.46). The impact of older age on mortality in HIV disease is, however, less than the impact of age on overall mortality in the United States. Accordingly, while older HIV-infected patients do have a somewhat poorer survival, this risk need not be too highly emphasized in individual patients; older patients deserve aggressive management.
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PMID:Effect of older age on survival in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. 748 69

Few data are available on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and risk behaviors among lesbians and bisexual women. A total of 498 lesbians and bisexual women was sampled from public venues in San Francisco and Berkeley, Calif, during 1993. The overall HIV seroprevalence was 1.2%. Ten percent of participants reported injecting drugs since 1978. Forty percent of the participants reported unprotected vaginal or anal sex with men during the past 3 years, including unprotected sex with gay and bisexual men and male injection drug users. The high rates of injection drug use and unsafe sexual behaviors suggest that lesbians and bisexual women frequenting public venues in San Francisco and Berkeley are at risk for HIV infection.
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PMID:HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors among lesbians and bisexual women in San Francisco and Berkeley, California. 748 70


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