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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Aggressive B-cell lymphomas are occurring with increasing incidence among individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Several lines of evidence implicate both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and c-myc activation in the pathogenesis of a major subset of these tumors. These observations prompted our investigation of interactions among EBV, c-myc, and HIV in primary B cells. We show that nonimmortalized peripheral B lymphocytes from EBV-seropositive, HIV-seronegative donors can be infected by HIV and that a subset of these lymphocytes become transformed. Malignant transformation was documented by several criteria. These cells displayed altered growth properties, propagating in 1% serum and cloning in soft agar, and formed invasive tumors of Burkitt lymphoma phenotype after subcutaneous injection into severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Such cells revealed marked enhancement of EBV DNA and RNA and of endogenous c-myc transcripts and protein. HIV-1 infection of already immortalized B-cell lines led to a similar upregulation of EBV and c-myc transcripts. These data indicate that HIV has properties of a transforming retrovirus, as it mediates two events linked to B-cell neoplasia: deregulation of c-myc and activation of EBV. They also raise the possibility of a role for HIV, apart from induction of immune suppression, in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphoma in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus induction of malignant transformation in human B lymphocytes. 165 56

Tumour cell karyotypes from patients with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) or Burkitt's type leukemia (ALL3) were studied for correlation with survival, bone marrow and cerebral spinal fluid involvement (CSF), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology, and for recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities. The records of 22 patients with BL from our institution and of 148 cases of BL and ALL3 reported in the literature with karyotypes were evaluated for clinical and cytological features. Overall survival was only 28 per cent and 88 per cent of deaths occurred within the first nine months after diagnosis. Those who survived at least 18 months were unlikely to relapse. Age and gender did not significantly affect survival. Patients presenting with advanced Ann Arbor stage, bone marrow or CSF involvement had lower survival rates. The association of translocations involving chromosome band 8q24 with this disease is confirmed. Sixty-two per cent of karyotypes had t(8;14)(q24;q32) translocations; the recognized variant translocations t(8;22)(q24;q11) and t(2;8)(p12;q24) affected 12 per cent and 9 per cent respectively. Seventeen per cent had abnormal karyotypes but no classic translocation. Patients with variant translocations had the poorest survival rates, and those with the classic t(8;14)(q24;q32) did the best. Despite a small sample size, the variant translocation t(8;22)(q24;q11) appeared to occur at an increased frequency in the patients with AIDS. In the entire group, recurrent involvement of chromosome regions 1q2, 6q11-14 and 17p1 suggests that alteration of genes at these loci, B Cell Growth Factor (BCGF) at 1q2 and p53 on 17p, may contribute to the development and progression of this tumour. Similarly, the frequent trisomies of chromosomes 7, 8, 12 and 18 may indicate an effect on tumour cell growth due to increased gene dosage. Trisomy 12 was found in eight tumours, five from patients with AIDS, suggesting that chromosome 12 has a site or gene whose allelic dosage is selected for in AIDS related lymphoma cells. Cytogenetic studies of adult Burkitt lymphoma and leukemia suggest several likely loci for gene alterations that in conjunction with myc translocations can lead to tumorigenesis.
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PMID:Chromosomal abnormalities in adult non-endemic Burkitt's lymphoma and leukemia: 22 new reports and a review of 148 cases from the literature. 186 43

The histopathologic changes of bone marrow during infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are described. Bone marrow biopsies from 73 patients at different stages of HIV-1 infection were studied. Indications for biopsy included peripheral blood abnormalities, suspicion of lymphoma, or search for specific pathogens. Common histopathological features, suggestive of HIV-1 infection but nonpathognomonic were hypercellularity (67%), myelodysplasia (86.1%), plasmacytosis (98.6%), lymphocytic infiltration (31.1%) and histiocytic infiltration with or without granulomata (13.7%). Increases in reticulin fibers (54.7%), and stainable iron deposits, vascular congestion and serous atrophy of fat were frequent features. Opportunistic infections and neoplastic complications were detected in 7 cases: pathogens were demonstrated in 4 cases (Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (MAI), Cryptococcus neoformans, Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania) and lymphoma in 3 cases (1 Burkitt lymphoma and 2 Hodgkin's disease). Bone marrow hypoplasia is usually a terminal event in AIDS and may be iatrogenic.
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PMID:Bone marrow findings in HIV infection: a pathological study. 210 65

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected person is an AIDS-defining condition. There is both an increased incidence of NHL and a poorer prognosis for the disease in these HIV-infected persons, compared with patients who spontaneously develop NHL. A series of 41 consecutive patients with HIV-associated NHL treated at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, between 1984 and September 1989 was assessed. Of these, 36 had NHL proven on biopsy and NHL was diagnosed clinically in the other five. On histologic examination 11 had high-grade malignant lymphoma, small non-cleaved cell (SNCC) type, similar to Burkitt lymphoma, 18 had high-grade lymphoma large cell immunoblastic (LCI) type, and seven could not be classified due to inadequate material for assessment. The clinical features of these two groups were compared. Those patients with LCI had advanced CD4+ immunodeficiency and poor survival (median = 6 weeks). The other group with SNCC had better preserved immune function, and longer survival (median = 18 weeks). Three patients had survived longer than 3 years all of whom had SNCC lymphoma as their first AIDS-defining illness. The clinical features and prognostic factors demonstrated in this study document heterogeneity of NHL in HIV-infected patients and should be used as a guide to treatment of these patients, by reserving more intensive treatment for those persons with better prognostic features.
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PMID:Definition of two distinct types of AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 226 14

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has been well described in association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Many of these lymphomas are of the diffuse, aggressive, subtype B-cell NHL, including Burkitt and Burkitt-like lymphoma. Recently, there have been reports of B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), Burkitt type, in patients who were either HIV antibody-positive or at high risk for AIDS. We have seen three cases of B-cell ALL, Burkitt type, and herein describe their clinical and laboratory characteristics. All patients were HIV antibody-positive. Since stage IV Burkitt lymphoma in blood phase and B-cell ALL, Burkitt type, represent a continuum of the same disease, and since it is also an aggressive B-cell malignancy, we suggest that B-cell ALL, Burkitt type, in HIV antibody-positive patients should support the diagnosis of AIDS.
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PMID:B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia in HIV-antibody-positive patients. 281 14

The enhancer-binding factor NF-kappa B, which is found only in cells that transcribe immunoglobulin light chain genes, has been purified from nuclear extracts of Namalwa cells (human Burkitt lymphoma cells) by sequence-specific DNA affinity chromatography. The purified NF-kappa B has been identified as a 51-kDa polypeptide by UV-crosslinking analysis. "Footprint" and methylation-interference analyses have shown that purified NF-kappa B has a binding activity specific for the kappa light chain enhancer sequence. The purified factor activated in vitro transcription of the human immunodeficiency virus type I promoter by binding to an upstream NF-kappa B-binding site.
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PMID:Identification and purification of a human immunoglobulin-enhancer-binding protein (NF-kappa B) that activates transcription from a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter in vitro. 313 60

The observation by Epstein and Barr (EB) of virus particles in Burkitt lymphoma cells in 1964 led 4 years later to the discovery that this virus was the long sought agent responsible for infectious mononucleosis. Pathophysiologically the EB virus specifically infects B lymphocytes of the immune system and induces perpetual multiplication of these cells if infection remains uncontrolled. The T lymphocytes, once sensitized against these virus infected cells, either kill them or suppress their continuous growth. During acute infectious mononucleosis, these stimulated T cells appear in the bloodstream as "atypical lymphocytes". If cell-mediated immunity is hampered by either congenital or acquired immunodeficiency the proliferative potential of EBV infected B lymphocytes may become uncontrolled and lead either to fulminant and lethal infectious mononucleosis or to polyclonal or monoclonal B cell proliferation. This later phenomenon appears to be the source of most of the lymphoma observed in transplant patients who are chronically immunosuppressed. Much remains to be understood of the mechanisms of EBV infections, which in some geographic areas lead to inapparent infections and in others to Burkitt lymphoma or nasopharyngeal carcinoma, while in temperate regions the clinical manifestations are those of infectious mononucleosis.
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PMID:[The spectrum of infections caused by the Epstein-Barr virus]. 631 Jul 35

Chromosome 1q abnormalities represent the second most frequent cytogenetic lesion of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)-L3. The most frequent change is partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 1, involving variable bands but consistently including 1q23. Among AIDS-related BL similar chromosome 1q abnormalities have also been found. We have now characterized in detail the chromosome 1q abnormalities of 4 AIDS-BL cell lines and compared them to other molecular features of the tumor clone, namely infection by Epstein Barr virus (EBV). Immunophenotypic characteristics were also assessed by conventional in situ immunocytochemical and flow cytometric procedures. The B-cell origin of all cell lines was demonstrated by the expression of B-cell-restricted markers (e.g., CD19). Analysis of Ig light chains confirmed their monoclonal nature. The t(8;14) was present in 3 of the 4 lines, whereas variant translocation t(8;22) was detected in the remaining cell line. Additional chromosomal changes were found in all cases, with chromosome 1 being involved in all. Structural changes encompassed in each case the 1q21-25 bands, in either duplication or partial trisomy. EBER ISH studies identified EBV association in 3 of the 4 AIDS-BL cell lines in contrast to previous studies of BL of immunocompetent individuals. Our findings of a high frequency of chromosome 1q abnormalities in EBV-infected AIDS-related BL cell lines demonstrate that such chromosomal abnormality and EBV positivity are not mutually exclusive and are possibly independent factors, whereas their close association in AIDS may be related to the immunodeficiency.
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PMID:High frequency of EBV association with non-random abnormalities of the chromosome region 1q21-25 in AIDS-related Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell lines. 772 49

Lymphoproliferations associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) commonly arise in settings of immune dysfunction, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this study, EBV was associated with 39 of 59 (66%) HIV-related systemic lymphomas. Unlike the lymphoproliferations that arise in the setting of transplantation, the HIV-related lymphomas were monoclonal, as evaluated by Ig heavy chain rearrangements and EBV termini analysis, and associated (40%) with c-MYC rearrangements. Furthermore, analysis of multiple lymphoma tissues from one autopsy showed evidence that a single lymphoma clone was responsible for dissemination. The latent EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA-1) transcripts detected in the HIV-related lymphomas were characteristic of the pattern found in Burkitt lymphoma (g1 EBNA1) and not in transplant-related lymphoproliferations. However, unlike Burkitt lymphoma, EBV latent membrane-associated protein (LMP) transcripts were also detected, thereby constituting an EBV expression pattern (g1 EBNA1+, LMP+) not previously observed in B-cell lymphomas. These findings demonstrate a high frequency of EBV-associated lymphomas in the setting of HIV infection that are distinct from the lymphoproliferations that arise during iatrogenic transplant-associated immuno-suppression or in the general population. However, it is also apparent that HIV-related lymphomas are biologically heterogeneous, which may reflect the multiple mechanisms or steps necessary for eventual malignant transformation.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 812 67

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and immunoblastic lymphoma (IL) are the most frequent lymphoid tumors encountered in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Tumors with a morphology intermediate between BL and IL, and the existence of Burkitt's type translocations in some IL cases makes the classification of these tumors sometimes unclear. We have studied 14 cases of BL and IL in HIV-seropositive individuals with regard to clonality, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) association, and the presence of c-myc rearrangement. Of seven tumors with morphology of BL, all were monoclonal, six showed a c-myc rearrangement and four were associated with EBV. Five tumors with morphology of IL were associated with EBV and devoid of c-myc rearrangement. Three were polyclonal representing EBV-driven lymphoproliferations similar to those observed in transplant recipients. Two tumors, one with a morphology of IL and the other intermediate between IL and BL were monoclonal, associated with EBV, and harbored a c-myc rearrangement. We propose that these last two tumors represent cases of BL that have adopted an immunoblastic morphotype in the context of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), reflecting the morphologic evolution of Burkitt lymphoma cells observed in culture.
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PMID:Variable morphology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated lymphomas with c-myc rearrangements. The French Study Group of Pathology for Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Tumors, I. 839 99


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