Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The CD4 (or T4) surface antigen of human T lymphocytes is an important part of the receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). After binding to the receptor, the HIV may enter the T cell and induce the formation of syncytia. In an attempt to identify the receptor site more closely, monoclonal antibodies (Mab's) to CD4 were tested for their ability to block HIV infection in a syncytium formation assay, and the CD4 epitopes so identified were mapped by antibody cross-blocking. The antibodies that showed strong inhibition of HIV fell into two main families while a third group of Mab's blocked syncytia formation weakly or not at all. Several different isolates of HIV as well as the laboratory strain CBL1 grown in CEM cells were used to induce the syncytia. The data indicate that only some epitopes of CD4 are important for virus binding and imply that the virus-binding site for CD4 is conserved in different isolates of HIV with substantially divergent env gene sequences. Preliminary studies of patients suggest that polymorphism of these epitopes does not play a role in determining susceptibility to infection.
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PMID:Epitopes of the CD4 antigen and HIV infection. 243 Mar 33

Fragments of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope coding region have been fused with the hepatitis B virus envelope middle protein. In this system, HIV antigenic determinants are exposed at the surface of a highly antigenic structure, the hepatitis B surface antigen particle. Immunization of rabbits with these particles elicited antibodies directed against both parts of the hybrid protein. One of the rabbit antisera not only exhibited a neutralizing effect on the original HIV1 isolate but also on a divergent Zairian isolate. The HIV sequence in this recombinant is 84 amino acids long and contains conserved and variable domains and a region critical for interaction with the CD4 receptor. Such recombinant antigens could be primary elements in the design of a polyvalent vaccine.
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PMID:Induction of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) neutralizing antibodies in rabbits immunized with recombinant HIV--hepatitis B surface antigen particles. 246 Aug 59

Although hepatitis B infection is endemic in southern Africa, a changing epidemiology of the disease has recently been documented in the region. The authors surveyed migrant southern African male mineworkers during 1986 to establish the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and D (delta) infection in their areas of origin. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was tested in 29,312 adult male mineworkers from 18 geographic regions, encompassing the diverse tribal and linguistic groups in the region, as well as in expatriate mineworkers from neighboring southern African countries. The same cohort was also tested for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Selected hepatitis B carriers were also tested for hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), antibody to hepatitis D (anti-HD), and alpha-fetoprotein. The overall prevalence of HBsAg in this survey was 9.9%. However, the prevalence varied from 5.5% to 14% in different ethnic groups. A minority of carriers (4.9%) had replicative hepatitis B infection and were hepatitis B virus DNA-positive. Only 0.6% of tested carriers were anti-HD-positive. Alpha-fetoprotein determinations were abnormal in 1.2% of hepatitis B-positive men. These data show that although chronic hepatitis B infection remains widespread in southern Africa, carrier rates vary significantly from region to region. In contrast, hepatitis D co-infection remains extremely uncommon. These baseline seroprevalence data also establish that HIV infection was, in 1986, a rare infection in the indigenous population of South Africa.
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PMID:Regional prevalence of hepatitis B, delta, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in southern Africa: a large population survey. 246 88

Several gene fusions have been constructed in which coding sequences for antigenic regions of the pre-S sequences of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B surface antigen, and the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus were linked to the 3' end of that for the first 144 residues of hepatitis B core antigen. The sequences were expressed efficiently in Escherichia coli to give stable products that assembled to form particles morphologically similar to hepatitis B core antigen itself. The products exhibited the antigenic and immunogenic characteristics of both the hepatitis B core antigen epitopes and the epitopes carried by the additional sequences, thus illustrating the value of such proteins as immunological reagents and potential vaccines.
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PMID:Immunogenicity of peptide fusions to hepatitis B virus core antigen. 247 30

Short-term studies indicate that hepatitis B vaccines are safe and satisfactorily immunogenic in hemophiliacs. The duration of immunity in these immunocompromised patients, however, is not known. To determine this, we studied 78 hemophiliacs prospectively 2, 3, and 4 years after the initial vaccination with a plasma-derived vaccine given as three monthly injections followed by a fourth booster injection at month 14. The duration of immunity clearly depended on whether the patients were infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In HIV seronegative hemophiliacs (n = 67), there was a progressive decline in titers of antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), but antibody was still detectable 4 years later in all of them. From the curves of decline of antibody titers, it appears that there is no need to revaccinate patients for at least 5 to 6 years. The HIV seropositive hemophiliacs (n = 11) not only started from much lower anti-HBs titers, but 5 of 11 lost anti-HBs. None of the 45 patients treated with concentrates during the postvaccination period developed serologic signs of hepatitis B, even though 6 of them had come into contact with live or inactivated hepatitis B virus as shown by the occurrence of spontaneous anamnestic antibody responses. This vaccine and schedule of vaccination afford a prolonged duration of immunity in HIV seronegative hemophiliacs, but HIV seropositive hemophiliacs have a risk of losing immunity early.
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PMID:Long-term immunogenicity of a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative hemophiliacs. 252 13

The Centers for Disease Control surveyed 1,630 chronic hemodialysis centers in the United States in 1987 in conjunction with the annual facility survey done by the Health Care Financing Administration. Information was obtained on the following diseases and practices: 1) hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in patients and staff members; 2) infection control procedures for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients; 3) frequency of HBsAg serologic screening; 4) use of hepatitis B vaccine; 5) non-A, non-B hepatitis in patients and staff members; 6) pyrogenic reactions and septicemia; 7) dialysis dementia; 8) new dialyzer syndrome; 9) high flux dialysis; 10) reuse of dialyzers, dialyzer caps, bloodlines, transducer filters; 11) cleaning and disinfection procedures; and 12) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The response rate to a mailed questionnaire was 91%. These 1,486 centers represented 97,225 patients and 27,123 staff members. During the last 12 years, the incidence of HBV infection decreased from 3.0% to 0.2% among patients and from 2.6% to 0.1% among staff members. Over the same time, the prevalence of HBsAg-positivity declined from 7.8% to 1.7% among patients and from 0.9% to 0.4% among staff members. Hepatitis B vaccine was given by 88% of the centers. By the end of 1987, 14% of susceptible patients and 49% of susceptible staff members had received all three doses of hepatitis B vaccine. From 1982 to 1987, as a result of receiving vaccine, the prevalence of antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) increased from 12% to 18% among patients and from 18% to 50% among staff. The incidence of non-A, non-B hepatitis in 1987 was reported to be 1.2% among patients and 0.2% among staff members. Fourteen percent of the centers reported pyrogenic reactions among their patients, and 46% reported septicemia in the absence of pyrogenic reactions. Pyrogenic reactions were significantly more likely to be reported by centers that practiced high flux dialysis. The reported incidence of dialysis dementia among hemodialysis patients was 0.2%, with a case fatality rate of 29%. Among patients developing dialysis dementia, the case fatality rate was higher in those centers that used deionization (DI) without reverse osmosis (RO) (47%) compared with centers that used RO (28%) (not significant, p greater than 0.05). In 1987, 64% of centers reported that they reused disposable dialyzers. These centers treated 70% of the dialysis patient population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:National surveillance of dialysis-associated diseases in the United States, 1987. 255 96

To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis virus markers and human T-cell lymphotropic virus infections among drug abusers in Japan, serum samples were collected from 91 male drug abusers at the Shinshu University Hospital and the rehabilitation facility in Matsumoto and from 519 healthy male blood donors as controls. Sera were tested for antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), immunoglobulin M anti-HBc (IgM anti-HBc), antibody to hepatitis D virus (anti-HDV), antibody to HTLV type 1 (anti-HTLV 1), and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV). The prevalence of anti-HAV was 13.2% in drug abusers and 10.8% in controls (not significant). The prevalences of HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc and exposure rate to hepatitis B virus (HBV) were 4.4%, 24.2%, 31.9%, and 35.2%, respectively, in drug abusers and 0.8%, 6.7%, 9.6%, and 9.6% in controls. The exposure rate to HBV was significantly different (P less than 0.001). IgM anti-HBc and anti-HDV were not detected in any sera. Anti-HTLV I was detected in three drug abusers (3.3%) and in one (0.2%) of the controls (P less than 0.01). All sera were negative for anti-HIV in all subjects. Infection with HBV and HTLV I is more common among drug abusers than in the general population of blood donors in Japan.
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PMID:Seroepidemiology of hepatitis A, B, and D viruses and human T-lymphocyte tropic viruses in Japanese drug abusers. 255 57

Contamination of twenty endoscopes used in patients with AIDS was assessed. The suction-biopsy, air, and water channels and the insertion tube were sampled after use, after washing in detergent, and after disinfection for 2 min in 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde. The polymerase chain reaction with Southern blotting, cell cultures, and antigen immunoassay were used to detect human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Samples were also examined for cytomegalovirus, adenoviruses, enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, myxoviruses, hepatitis B surface antigen, fungi, and bacteria. Seven of twenty unwashed endoscopes were contaminated by HIV. Commensal bacteria were found in all endoscopes, Candida albicans in six, Staphylococcus aureus in five, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in five. Washing alone removed all detectable organisms from 66 of 68 contaminated sites; Neisseria spp were recovered from two air channels after washing but not after disinfection. Washing achieved a mean reduction of 4.93 (95% confidence interval 3.69-6.17) colony forming units per ml.
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PMID:Contamination of endoscopes used in AIDS patients. 256 80

The ultrastructural alterations induced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in human lymphoid cells have been evaluated. Electron microscopic examination of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 14 male homosexuals with confirmed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex revealed that tubuloreticular inclusions were present in 5-15% of the cell sections from each case. In 5 of 14 cases, cylindrical confronting lamellae were found in 1-2% of the cell sections. No retrovirus-like particles or surface membrane alterations were detected. Neither of these structural alterations was observed in control PBMC obtained from six HIV-seronegative, hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive carriers or in 11 healthy subjects. When primary cultures of CD4+-enriched lymphocytes were infected in vitro with HIV, tubuloreticular inclusions could be detected in 3-10% of the cell sections, but no cylindrical confronting lamellae-like structures were found. In contrast, neither of these alterations were seen in uninfected or HIV-infected H9-HT continuous cell lines. These in vivo and in vitro studies indicate that there is an association between the appearance of the tubuloreticular inclusions and cytopathic HIV infection, although no correlation between cytopathic changes and active viral replication was observed at the single cell level. Further studies will be required to establish the mechanism(s) of formation of the tubuloreticular inclusions and to determine their prognostic potential.
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PMID:In vivo and in vitro ultrastructural alterations induced by human immunodeficiency virus in human lymphoid cells. 257 Jan 80

To determine the influence of concurrent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, 150 male homosexual chronic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers were studied. Of these, 82 subjects (55%) tested positive for antibodies to HIV. They were more likely to express hepatitis B "e" antigen (HBeAg) (P less than .001) and HBV-DNA (P less than .0005) in serum than were HIV-seronegative individuals. However, the degree of immune suppression did not influence HBeAg-HBV-DNA expression. In HBeAg-seropositive subjects, concurrent HIV infection was associated with lower serum alanine transferase levels (P less than .001). This effect increased with the degree of immune suppression as determined by CD4+ lymphocyte counts. Conversely, in patients negative for HBeAg, there was a weak trend towards higher alanine transferase levels with concurrent HIV. This study suggests that chronic hepatitis B may be less severe when accompanied by HIV infection; however, greater viral replication may make it more contagious and resistant to antiviral therapy. These data support an immune-mediated pathogenesis for hepatitis B and have implications for its control.
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PMID:The effect of concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B: a study of 150 homosexual men. 257 46


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