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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

An anonymous cross-sectional paper-and-pencil survey was used to assess incentives and disincentives to participate in a Phase I preventive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine trial in a potential Thai target population. A total of 255 persons employed in health care service and research settings completed questionnaires after attending informational briefings regarding the proposed vaccine product and the planned trial procedures. Willingness to participate was related to self-perceived benefits from joining a preventive vaccine trial, as well as to concerns about product safety and social discrimination that might result from participation. The distinction between positive results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay from vaccine administration and positivity from HIV infection was unclear for many participants. Men were more willing to participate than women, and there was a trend toward greater willingness to participate in those who were less educated. Preparations for preventive vaccine trials may be more successful if they emphasize personal benefits of trial participation, clearly address safety issues, and consider ways to prevent social discrimination against participants.
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PMID:Incentives and disincentives to participate in prophylactic HIV vaccine research. 771 31

Government and media education has promoted the use of condoms in an attempt to reduce the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Condoms have been identified, in vitro, as an effective barrier to HIV and a large heterosexual study has shown there was no transmission of infection in those couples systematically using condoms. Safer sex knowledge and practice and HIV knowledge were assessed in 584 individuals, 16-74 years old, attending a London genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic via a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire. Over 80% were heterosexual, 64% had attended a GUM clinic before, 60% had a history of sexually transmitted infection. Over 80% were aware of the protective effect of condoms and the risks of intravenous drug use; 66% of geographical risk factors; 49% of the risks of anal sex; and 53% perceived masturbation as safer. Only 10.4% always used condoms; over 50% gave no reason for non-use. Use was not increased in higher risk respondents nor in those with good safer sex/HIV knowledge, nor was there any sex difference. Although knowledge of some aspects of safer sex was good, anal sex risks, geographical sex risks, and alternative safer sexual practices were less well known. In addition, condom use was disappointingly low, even in the presence of good safer sex knowledge, awareness of high risk behavior and despite intense media health education. As a result of this survey educational input was increased, allowing an interaction which is lacking in media campaigns, and a variety of condoms were introduced in an attempt to increase use. Re-audit will be important in assessing the effects of such changes. Pre-adolescent targeting before sexual patterns are learned may be useful. Further research into this difficult area is essential.
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PMID:Audit of patients' knowledge of their oral contraceptive pill. 781 61

We compared health department-initiated partner notification at a single anonymous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test site in Denver to 13 confidential HIV test sites throughout Colorado over an 18-month period. The average number of named, notified, and counseled in-state partners was from 30 to 50% greater among confidential site index cases than anonymous site index cases, and the seropositivity rate in newly tested partners of confidential site index cases was more than twice the rate in partners of anonymous test site index cases. When analyses were restricted to gay/bisexual male index cases, the results were the same as for the total group. We recommend that state and local health departments collect data to evaluate and improve the delivery of partner notification services.
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PMID:Comparison of partner notification at anonymous and confidential HIV test sites in Colorado. 788 7

To evaluate the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure among emergency department workers (EDWs) and their ability to identify HIV-infected patients, a seroprevalence study was performed in March 1991 in the emergency departments (EDs) of six Italian urban hospitals. At each visit, patients aged 18-65 years were asked to undergo fingerstick blood sampling for anonymous, unlinked HIV testing performed on blood adsorbed filter paper collection cards. Demographic characteristics, known or suspected HIV risk factors, and occupational exposures reported by the EDWs during the patient's visit were recorded. On 9,457 consecutive visits, 9,005 samples (95%) were tested and 65 (0.7%) were HIV positive. ED staff failed to identify 59% of HIV-infected patients. The rate of occupational exposures was 0.13/100 visits. As it is impossible to predict the HIV status of patients attending EDs, adherence to universal precautions and the development of safer devices should be utilized to minimize the risk of blood-borne infections in EDWs.
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PMID:Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection for emergency department workers. Italian Study Group on Occupational Risk of HIV Infection. 788 91

Studies have examined the association between attitudes about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and nurses' willingness or intentions to work with infected persons. However, the relationship between these intentions and perceived concern from nurses' family and friends, or factors of professional nursing experience is relatively unexplored. An anonymous questionnaire was completed by 311 public health nurses from areas with high and low prevalence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in North Carolina. Multiple regression analysis showed that nurses had stronger intentions to work with HIV-infected clients if they had more favorable attitudes about the disease, perceived significant others [corrected] to be supportive of such work, had stronger professional ties to public health, and had worked fewer years in public health. In addition, nurses from low AIDS-prevalence areas had stronger intentions to work with these clients if they had professional nursing care experience with them. These findings are consistent with the Theory of Reasoned Action, but also identify professional nursing experience as independently associated with behavioral intentions. This suggests that attitudinal, normative, and professional experiences are all important in examining nurses' intentions to work with clients infected with HIV.
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PMID:HIV and the work intentions of public health nurses. 793 1

The relative contributions of needle use practices and sexual behaviors to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody seropositivity among 394 women incarcerated in Quebec were determined by risk factor assessment and serology with a nonnominal methodology. HIV positivity was found in 6.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.6, 9.9) of all participants and in 13% (95% CI = 8.6, 18.6) of women with a history of injection drug use. HIV seropositivity among women with a history of injection drug use was predicted by sexual or needle contact with a seropositive person, self-reported genital herpes, and having had a regular sexual partner who injected drugs, but it was not predicted by prostitution. Nonnominal testing is an ethical alternative to mandatory and anonymous unlinked testing among correctional populations.
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PMID:HIV infection among women in prison: an assessment of risk factors using a nonnominal methodology. 794 84

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of anonymous testing availability on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test demand in Arizona. Testing patterns before and after the introduction of anonymous testing were compared. Client knowledge of new test policy and delay in testing until an anonymous option was available were assessed. Test numbers among men who have sex with men showed a statistically significant increase after introduction of an anonymous testing option. Arizona continues to maintain anonymous testing availability. Public health agencies should consider how test policy may influence people's HIV test decisions.
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PMID:Anonymous HIV testing: the impact of availability on demand in Arizona. 799 49

An anonymous unlinked seroprevalence study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was performed by testing pools of ten sera remaining from specimens submitted consecutively to clinical pathology laboratories at 18 Italian public hospitals during four consecutive days in April 1991. Sera from positive pools were retested individually by three different enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and considered positive if reactive by all three assays. Only the sera with discordant EIA results were retested by Western blot. Of a total of 22,590 sera, 278 were HIV positive (1.2%). The highest rates were seen in hospitals located in metropolitan areas (1.5%), in infectious disease departments (28%) and in drug addiction treatment units (28%); among men aged 21-30 (4.6%) and 31-40 years (4%); and among women aged 21-30 years (1.6%). The distribution of seropositive patients by gender and age group suggests an increasing role of heterosexual transmissions of the infection. The presence of anti-HIV antibodies in sera from patients of both sexes, in all age groups, and from all clinical settings reinforces the need for health care workers to adhere to universal precautions issued to prevent occupational bloodborne infections.
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PMID:Use of pooled residual laboratory sera to assess human immunodeficiency virus prevalence among patients in Italy. The Italian Study Group on Occupational Risk of HIV infection. 805 Apr 32

To determine human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) prevalence in low- and high-risk populations in Papua New Guinea (PNG), anonymous unlinked serosurveillance was conducted in government-administered antenatal and sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics at 6 sites beginning in June 1989. Samples were tested in each local hospital laboratory for syphilis reactivity (VDRL) and for antibodies to HIV-1 (Serodia-HIV, Fujirebio). Positive Serodia specimens were forwarded for enzyme immunoassay (EIA) testing. If positive or indeterminate on EIA testing, Western blot confirmatory testing was conducted. Although 3 of 1233 samples were HIV positive in a pilot study, none of 7948 samples were HIV positive during the first full year of serosurveillance (June 1989-May 1990). HIV-infected people are also identified in Papua New Guinea through clinical diagnostic testing. Although underreporting is probably substantial, 45 HIV-infected people had been identified in Papua New Guinea (population 3.6 million) through diagnostic testing between 1987 and the end of the first serosurveillance year (May 1990). Limited surveillance continued in Papua New Guinea in 1991 and 1992. By June of 1992, 5 of an additional 6035 serosurveillance samples had tested positive. All 5 were among 2000 samples from a single site, the Port Moresby STD Clinic. In addition to surveillance, further clinical diagnostic testing had identified a total of 118 HIV-infected people by June of 1992. In STD clinics, genital sores were found to be common at all sites and in both sexes, occurring in 21% of males and 19% of females. Overall, 7.5% of STD patients had a reactive VDRL, as did 3.5% of antenatal women. Explanations for negative results of serosurveillance may be: 1) the sample size chosen faces a 5% (or higher) chance of failing to detect a case under the likely conditions of this survey; 2) the populations chosen for surveillance may not be those in which HIV is circulating at this early stage of the epidemic; and 3) laboratory error. The first two of these, alone or in combination, are most likely.
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PMID:HIV serosurveillance in Papua New Guinea. 805 43

We assessed the magnitude, demographics, seroprevalence, and reasons for site selection among South Carolina residents who chose to be tested in bordering states offering anonymous testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Residents tested from July 1990 through July 1991 at selected HIV testing sites in bordering states were surveyed and HIV test results were recorded. Of the 75 residents tested at these sites, 66 (88%) were white, 44 (59%) were male, and 9 (12.3%) of the 73 whose test results were recorded were HIV infected. During the same period, 57,137 individuals were HIV tested in-state by the state health department, of which 1,752 (3.1%) were positive. Residents tested outside the state were more likely to be HIV infected, male, and white than individuals tested within the state. Our findings suggest that although large numbers of South Carolinians are not HIV tested anonymously in other states, those tested anonymously out of state have a different demographic and risk profile than those tested confidentially in state.
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PMID:Comparison of individuals receiving anonymous and confidential testing for HIV. 813 56


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