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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A large proportion of human immunodeficiency virus antibody (HIV-Ab) positive male soldiers are considered to be at no identified risk (NIR) because they do not disclose histories of sexual activity with other men, intravenous drug use, blood transfusions, or sexual activity with persons at known high risk for HIV infection. A case-control study involving personal interviews with 26 NIR cases and 74 controls was conducted to determine if lifestyle information that might jeopardize a soldier's military career could be obtained from an Army population and to evaluate risk factors for prevalent HIV infection. Subjects consented to a voluntary, anonymous, and confidential interview containing information on demographic characteristics, medical history, drug use, and sexual behavior. Of 26 cases interviewed, 20 (76.9%) reported behaviors defined by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as risk factors for HIV infection, while 11 of 74 (14.9%) controls also reported such behaviors. This proportion of reclassified NIR cases was similar to that reported from the NIR case series study conducted by the CDC. Of the six (23.1%) cases who remained at NIR, all reported at least one of the following risks: a history of sexually transmitted diseases, sexual contact with prostitutes, or sexual activity with female partners which caused bleeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Risk factors for prevalent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in active duty Army men who initially report no identified risk: a case-control study. 230 1

In August 1988, 1,773 Massachusetts 16-19-year-olds were surveyed by telephone using anonymous random digit dialing; response rate 82 percent. Logistic regression tested whether alcohol and drug use, perceived susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), severity of HIV if infected, effectiveness of condoms in preventing infection, barriers to condom use, and behavioral cues such as exposure to media or personal communication about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were independently related to condom use. Among sexually active respondents, (61 percent of those interviewed) 31 percent reported always using condoms. Respondents who believed condoms are effective in preventing HIV transmission and worried they can get AIDS were 3.1 and 1.8 times, respectively, more likely to use condoms all the time. Respondents who carried condoms and who had discussed AIDS with a physician were 2.7 and 1.7 times, respectively, more likely to use them. Those who believed condoms do not reduce sexual pleasure and would not be embarrassed if asked to use them were 3.1 and 2.4 times, respectively, more likely to use condoms. Teens who averaged five or more drinks daily or used marijuana in the previous month were 2.8 and 1.9 times, respectively, less likely to use condoms. Among respondents who drink and use drugs, 16 percent used condoms less often after drinking and 25 percent after drug use. Those counseling adolescents about HIV should assess and discuss beliefs outlined in the Health Belief Model, as well as their alcohol and drug use.
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PMID:Beliefs about AIDS, use of alcohol and drugs, and unprotected sex among Massachusetts adolescents. 230 8

In order to assess the acceptability of voluntary population screening for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a random sample of 300 Danish men, aged 20-49 years, were sent a self-administered questionnaire. Among nonrespondents, recruitment attempts were repeated three times with intervals of 8-10 days. In total, 76.7% responded. Two hundred men (87.0% of the respondents) would accept an offer to be tested in an anti-HIV screening programme. Among respondents, 72.9% agreed to identify themselves to the researchers, 22.1% preferred to be tested under a code number known only by the participant himself, and 5% wanted the test information to be completely anonymous. Among the 30 men refusing HIV testing, 40% reported they were not concerned about AIDS, 16.7% expressed concern with confidentiality problems, and another 16.7% had been tested already and for this reason declined to participate. Previous reports have indicated high seroprevalences among nonrespondents and raised prevalences of behavior at high risk for HIV infection among persons who do themselves take the initiative to be tested or who decline to be tested because they worry about confidentiality. Low respondency and the associated disproportional loss of subjects at high risk of HIV infection may bias HIV seroprevalence estimates based on population probability sampling, especially in areas with low HIV infection prevalence. Because of these biases, voluntary population screening is likely to give only lower bound estimates of HIV seroprevalence. So, this technique should only be used in combination with other surveillance approaches.
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PMID:Acceptability of voluntary population screening for antibodies against HIV. Aarhus Research Group on AIDS. 235 26

A self-administered anonymous questionnaire on knowledge about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was administered to 2,614 Leaving Certificate students in 50 Galway second-level schools. Levels of knowledge regarding routes of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and non-transmission were assessed together with student opinion on related lifestyle issues and awareness of local services. Although 91% had heard of HIV infection only 61% knew that there is a difference between this and AIDS. Over 95% of respondants were aware of the epidemiologically proven means of transmission and between 73% and 98% understood that no transmission risk existed in a range of ordinary social contact situations. Fifty-one per cent of students believed in a HIV transmission risk from receiving blood transfusions in Ireland and 24% doubted the safety of blood donation. Seventy-four per cent of students indicated the media as their main information source on AIDS. Preference for further AIDS information were Health Education sources (30%) and teachers (20%). Only 22% and 23% of respondants respectively were aware of the local Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinic and AIDS telephone information service. These data indicate areas in which information on AIDS should be improved by education in the school setting.
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PMID:Knowledge about AIDS among Leaving Certificate students. 236 31

Data from Edinburgh, Scotland, on the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual men between 1980-1987 suggest that this high-risk population is effectively adopting "safer sex" practices. The incidence of early syphilis in homosexual men presenting to the department of genitourinary medicine at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary peaked at 20 cases in 1984, and then began precipitous decline; no such cases were diagnosed in 1986 and 1987. The incidence of rectal gonorrhea reached a high of 58 cases in 1982, and has fallen steadily since then; there were 5 such cases diagnosed in 1987. Since unprotected anoreceptive intercourse is the main risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in homosexual men, trends in the incidence of rectal gonorrhea provide reliable information about the extent to which safe sex practices are being followed. Diagnoses of all types of gonorrhea peaked in 1982 at 120 cases, at which point they began a steady decline to 10 cases in 1987. Since this clinic does not have a policy of random anonymous testing for HIV infection, information on trends in the incidence of this infection are not available for this population. In general, these incidence trend date imply that the homosexual community in Edinburgh adopted sexual practices aimed at reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infection even before government health education campaigns were launched. While declines in the incidence of syphilis and gonorrhea were not recorded in the heterosexual population in Edinburgh until 1985, homosexual men began demonstrating this trend around 1982.
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PMID:Trends in sexual behaviour and HIV incidence in homosexual men. 249 5

The incidence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among pregnant women in north central Wisconsin is unknown. We devised and used an anonymous screening protocol to determine both the incidence of HIV infection and the rate of infection spread in this population. Our data demonstrate an extremely low incidence of HIV infection. Further, over the time periods studied, no clear evidence of an increase in the incidence of this severe infection could be demonstrated.
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PMID:HIV among pregnant women: north central Wisconsin. 258 48

This article examines the issue of testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in chemical dependence treatment programs. Three types of treatment programs are considered: 21- to 28-day inpatient, eight-week outpatient, and methadone maintenance. Through discussion by groups of chemical dependence treatment providers, recommendations are made in regard to issues of who to test, when to test, confidential versus anonymous testing, charting policies, informed consent, elements of pre- and posttest counseling, and the duty to warn others.
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PMID:Testing for human immunodeficiency virus in chemical dependence treatment programs. 262 12

The anonymous survey of the population for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) carried out in Moscow in 1987 revealed 4 seropositive persons among 10, 117 persons subjected to examination. These 4 persons belonged to typical risk groups with respect to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The questioning of the persons coming for examination made it possible to find out that a large percentage of them really had a risk of contacting HIV infection; besides, a considerable proportion of the visitors proved to have signs of AIDS phobia.
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PMID:[An anonymous survey of the population for antibodies to the virus causing AIDS]. 274 5

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) became the leading cause of death among Maryland State prisoners in 1985. To identify the prevalence, risk factors, and temporal trends for infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the statewide prison system, excess sera were obtained from incoming male inmates during specified periods between April and June 1985, 1986, and 1987. Correctional medical personnel also provided demographic variables of age, race, offense category, sentence, jurisidiction, and an indicator of intravenous drug use. Once rendered anonymous, specimens were assayed for antibody to HIV-1, using ELISA and Western blot techniques. For data from April to June 1985, 1986, and 1987, the crude prevalence of anti-HIV-1 was 7.1, 7.7, and 7.0%, respectively. Although one-third of incoming inmates were identified as intravenous drug users (IVDUs), the drug use variable was missing for 70% of the 1985 sample, and 40% of the 1986 sample. Several strategies were used to examined temporal trends in the context of missing data. Univariate analyses suggested no substantial change over time for either HIV-1 seroprevalence or risk of infection among IVDUs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Temporal trends of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection among inmates entering a statewide prison system, 1985-1987. 278 71

From February 16, 1988 to July 15, 1988, a prospective study was undertaken at the University of Illinois Hospital in Chicago to do the following: 1) determine the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among our gravid patients, 2) test the hypothesis that methodical counseling would elicit a more thorough recounting of risk factors, and 3) test the hypothesis that those patients who self-identify risk factors represent only a fraction of HIV-positive gravidas. After educational counseling regarding HIV infection, 349 clinic patients (34%) requested non-anonymous HIV testing (group I). Risk factor histories were recorded from these women. Simultaneously, 849 women admitted to labor and delivery were queried with regard to the same risk factors but without preliminary counseling, and then tested anonymously (group II). Nineteen percent (63 of 349) of group I reported risk factors, whereas only 9.6% (82 of 849) of group II reported similar risks (P less than .0001). Two HIV-positive patients were identified in group I, both of whom reported risk factors (seroprevalence 0.6%). Nine HIV-positive patients were detected in group II, but only four reported risk factors (seroprevalence 1.1%). We conclude that methodical counseling may elicit increased reporting of HIV risk factors as compared with questioning without preliminary counseling. Because many HIV-positive patients may be unable or unwilling to report risk factors, selective voluntary testing will not identify all HIV-positive gravidas.
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PMID:Determination of the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection in gravidas by non-anonymous versus anonymous testing. 279 32


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