Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Condoms reduce the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission; however, their use among adolescents has been inconsistent. Little is known about factors which motivate consistent condom use, particularly among younger adolescents. In a study designed to identify such factors, 1899 inner-city junior high school students were surveyed. In June 1988, students completed an anonymous self-report questionnaire assessing HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Among sexually active students (N = 403), logistic regression analysis evaluated the influence of demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors on frequency of condom use. Respondents who believe condoms are effective in preventing HIV transmission were 2.2 times more likely to report using condoms consistently during sexual intercourse; those with low perceived costs associated with condom use were 1.9 times more likely to be consistent users. Number of lifetime sexual partners was inversely related to frequency of condom use. Respondents with a history of three or more sex partners were half as likely to use condoms consistently. Factors not associated with consistent condom use include age, age at sexual debut, ethnicity, HIV knowledge, perceived efficacy to avoid HIV infection, and alcohol and drug use. School- and community-based HIV prevention programs will have to go beyond the didactic transfer of factual information and include more interactive teaching strategies to improve adolescents' attitudes toward condoms are self-efficacy to increase condom use and to counter negative peer influences and adolescents' perceptions of invulnerability. Physicians are an underutilized source of HIV prevention information. They have an important role in counseling adolescents about effective HIV-prevention methods and dispelling misperceptions which hinder consistent condom use.
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PMID:Determinants of condom use among junior high school students in a minority, inner-city school district. 173 83

We surveyed men and women aged 21 to 34 years to determine the rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing in blacks and whites of diverse education levels in four US cities. Responses to the anonymous, mailed questionnaire were received from 90% of 777 white women, 64% of 734 black women, 79% of 677 white men, and 48% of 541 black men. The percentages reporting HIV testing for these four race-gender groups were 29%, 22%, 30%, and 38%, respectively. The percentages reporting testing that was voluntarily sought (ie, not in connection with blood donation, military service) were 16%, 14%, 18%, and 22%, respectively. In each race-gender group, roughly half of those who had not been tested said they "might have a blood test for the AIDS virus in the future". Education level was not correlated with HIV-testing frequency. Blacks were significantly less likely than whites to be aware of "a blood test that can detect the AIDS virus infection" (58% vs 77%), but blacks who knew of the test were more likely than whites to have been tested (47% vs 37%). Eleven percent of subjects reported at least one major risk factor for HIV infection. In these people, HIV testing was most common among homosexually active men (56% tested; 52% voluntarily sought), intermediate among injection drug users (40% tested; 31% voluntarily sought), and least common among the sexual partners of injection-drug users (21% tested; 11% voluntarily sought). Health education programs need to communicate the availability of, and need for, anonymous HIV testing.
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PMID:HIV antibody testing in young, urban adults. 173 73

Dental professionals attending the annual meeting of the College of Dental Surgeons of British Columbia in June 1990 were involved in a survey to assess the prevalence of infection with Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and Human Immunodeficiency viruses, the acceptance of vaccination for protection against Hepatitis B virus, and the compliance with infection control guidelines. Participation was voluntary and anonymous and required completion of a questionnaire and donation of a blood sample. Four hundred one of 1,995 convention attendees participated. Fourteen were found to have markers of Hepatitis B infection; 13 had antibodies to both Hepatitis B surface antigen and Hepatitis B core antigen, and one was positive for Hepatitis B surface antigen. One individual had markers for both Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B viruses. None tested positive for antibody to Human Immunodeficiency virus. Vaccination against Hepatitis B virus was reported overall by 67 percent of the participants, but dentists and hygienists had a higher rate of vaccination (82 percent and 81 percent, respectively) when compared to dental assistants (41 percent; P less than .001). Acceptance of infection control procedures was high, with 92 percent of participants reporting use of gloves for all patients and 82 percent reporting use of masks and eye protection.
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PMID:Hepatitis & HIV: prevalence of infection and changing attitudes toward infection control procedures in British Columbia. 174 15

The authors conducted a voluntary serosurvey and educational campaign among 3394 undergraduate students attending the University of Maryland at College Park to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Two students were seropositive (0.06%, 95% confidence interval 0-0.15%). Both were homosexual men with multiple sexual partners. Despite the low prevalence of infection, potential risk factors for transmission of HIV-1 were common, as assessed by a self-administered anonymous questionnaire. These included a previous sexually transmitted disease (12.6%), male homosexual intercourse (4.8% of men), heterosexual anal intercourse (25.3%), heterosexual intercourse with a person at risk (an HIV-1 infected person, a bisexual man, a parenteral drug user, a female prostitute, or a hemophiliac) (5.2%), multiple sexual partners (21% reported 10 or more lifetime partners), and intravenous drug use (1.3%). Assessment of the efficacy of our program by comparing responses on pre- and post-test questionnaires showed gains in knowledge about heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 and an increase in the reported frequency of condom use 1-2 months after participating in the survey. The authors conclude that HIV-1 infections are occurring among college students but in our study group remain confined to persons with known high-risk behavior; however, practices that may support transmission are common, and programs designed to diminish these behaviors among college students are needed.
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PMID:A voluntary serosurvey and behavioral risk assessment for human immunodeficiency virus infection among college students. 177 75

An anonymous survey was conducted among 100 randomly selected fellows of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. Forty-one respondents provided information about their experience with percutaneous injury. Causes of injury during 6278 invasive procedures performed during a 1-month period included suture needlesticks (two injuries), injection needlestick (one), needle recapping (one), scalpel blade (one), skin hook (one), and an injury during the transport of an instrument (one). Dermatologic surgeons were more likely to injure their dominant fingers. Attitudes of dermatologic surgeons were surveyed regarding operating on patients while the physician or assistant was actively infected with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, herpetic whitlow, or paronychia caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Dermatologic surgeons believed that they should be allowed to operate while infected with human immunodeficiency virus (41.5%), hepatitis B virus (40%), herpetic whitlow (25%), and paronychia caused by S. aureus (20%). Few dermatologic surgeons would disclose preoperatively to patients infections present in themselves or in operating team members that were due to human immunodeficiency virus (29.4%), hepatitis B virus (27.8%), herpetic whitlow (28.6%), or paronychia caused by S. aureus (33.3%).
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PMID:Percutaneous injury during dermatologic surgery. 186 49

In the United States, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission has been associated with anal sex without use of condoms. However, surveys of sexual behavior among homosexual/bisexual men (i.e., men who have had sex with men) and evaluation results from intervention studies have consistently shown that such risks can be reduced. Despite such reductions in risk, relapse from safer sex to riskier practices has been documented among homosexual/bisexual men. Because the serostatus or HIV risk behaviors of any sex partner can be difficult to ascertain, especially for anonymous partners, anal sex with nonsteady partners without using a condom remains a high-risk behavior. This report summarizes an evaluation by CDC of behavior changes among homosexual/bisexual men involving anal sex with nonsteady partners without use of a condom. The evaluation examined community demonstration projects, funded by CDC in 1986, to assess methods of preventing the spread of HIV infection primarily among homosexual/bisexual men.
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PMID:Patterns of sexual behavior change among homosexual/bisexual men--selected U.S. sites, 1987-1990. 194 29

An anonymous survey of elective surgery patients was performed to assess prevalence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a large urban hospital. Of 4087 patients evaluated, 18 (0.4%) were found to be infected with HIV as confirmed by a positive Western blot antibody test. Assessment of risk factors demonstrated that patients with a history of a blood transfusion did not differ in demographics or rate of infection from the population as a whole. Of the 18 HIV infected patients, 13 gave an admission history of one or more risk factors, including 10 with a history of a prior positive test. Only five, or 0.12% of the patients, provided no history of a risk factor or a history of transfusion only. The authors conclude that the prevalence of HIV infection among elective surgery patients is low, and that there would not be any substantial benefit from screening such patients for antibody against HIV.
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PMID:Prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus in elective surgery patients. 195 8

This project was designed to evaluate different criteria used in the interpretation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Western blot assay on a group of serum samples blinded to the examiner that were collected from individuals attending three different public health departments in central North Carolina. Each individual also completed an anonymous linked questionnaire regarding sociodemographics and risk factors for blood-borne infections. All of the Western blot assays for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 were interpreted according to the criteria established at the University of North Carolina Hospitals, Chapel Hill, the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga, in association with the Association of State, Territorial, and Public Health Laboratory Directors, Iowa City, Iowa, the American Red Cross, Washington, DC, the Consortium for Retrovirus Serology Standardization, Davis, Calif, and the Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC. The results obtained were grouped as positive, negative, and indeterminate according to each organization's criteria and analyzed in the context of the associated risk factors. The results indicate that institutions performing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Western blot confirmatory testing should adopt the criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and the State, Territorial, and Public Health Laboratory Directors.
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PMID:Interpretive criteria of the Western blot assay for serodiagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. 198 10

To assess the association of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with other sexually transmitted diseases we undertook an anonymous HIV antibody serosurvey of all women admitted to the hospital with pelvic inflammatory disease. All the patients were given HIV risk reduction information and offered voluntary antibody testing. Thirty-one consecutive patients were evaluated; 30 specimens were suitable for anonymous testing. Five of the 30 (16.7%) were seropositive on both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot test. The majority of the patients expressed concern about their HIV risk; 23 (74%) requested confidential testing. Of those tested, five (21.7%) were seropositive; three had traditional risk factors (intravenous drug abuse and/or sexual contacts at risk), and two denied traditional risk factors but reported nonintravenous cocaine use and multiple sexual partners. Of the seronegative women, 33% reported nonintravenous cocaine use (many with multiple sexual partners). Preventing the heterosexual spread of HIV into this vulnerable population is a formidable public health challenge.
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PMID:Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in women admitted to the hospital with pelvic inflammatory disease. 201 Aug 94

Although occupational transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other bloodborne pathogens to health-care workers from patients has been well documented, data on HIV seroprevalence in health-care workers are limited. This report summarizes preliminary findings from a voluntary, anonymous HIV serosurvey among orthopedic surgeons, conducted by CDC in cooperation with the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS), at the AAOS annual meeting in Anaheim, California, during March 6-12, 1991.
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PMID:Preliminary analysis: HIV serosurvey of orthopedic surgeons, 1991. 202 76


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