Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a cohort of gay men responding to the threat of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), dispositional optimism was associated with less distress, less avoidant coping, positive attitudes as a coping strategy, and fewer AIDS-related concerns. Men who knew they were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were significantly more optimistic about not developing AIDS than men who knew they were seronegative for HIV. This AIDS-specific optimism was related to higher perceived control over AIDS and to active coping among seropositive men only and to health behaviors in both serostatus groups. There was no relation of optimism to risk-related sexual behavior. It is concluded that optimism is psychologically adaptive without necessarily compromising health behavior. It is also concluded that it is useful to distinguish between event-based optimistic expectations and dispositional optimism.
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PMID:Optimism, coping, psychological distress, and high-risk sexual behavior among men at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 140 25

Questionnaires were distributed to homosexual and bisexual male participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and to homosexual and bisexual male patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to determine whether the men believed they had been refused medical or dental treatment because of their sexual orientation or a condition related to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Men with AIDS were significantly more likely (18%) to report being refused treatment by a doctor or dentist on the basis of a known or suspected HIV-related condition than were men who were seropositive (5%) or seronegative (1%). Significantly more respondents reported refusal of dental care than of medical care.
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PMID:Homosexual and bisexual men's perceptions of discrimination in health services. 150 72

As of January 1990, 933 persons with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection were clinically evaluated at Wilford Hall US Air Force (USAF) Medical Center. The Walter Reed HIV staging system was used in these evaluations to describe disease status and progression. Most persons were diagnosed through mandatory HIV testing in the USAF and were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. As of May 1990, 161 HIV-positive seroconverters (estimated overall seroconversion rate of 0.156/1000 person-years between 30 June 1988 and 1 July 1990) had been identified among active-duty USAF personnel, as they had previously tested negative for antibody to HIV. Men constitute 95% of the USAF HIV-positive population. An in vitro T helper cell functional assay was assessed to predict rate of CD4+ T cell decline over the subsequent year (mean, 15 months) in patients with greater than 200 CD4+ T cells/mm3. This assay may prove useful for prognostication and comparisons of patients in clinical trials of anti-HIV interventions.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the US Air Force: seroconversions, clinical staging, and assessment of a T helper cell functional assay to predict change in CD4+ T cell counts. 168 Jan 34

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its interconvertible sulfate derivative (DHEA-S) are human androgenic steroids that have been reported to inhibit viral expression and have been associated with a decreased risk of cancer. The relationship between serum DHEA and DHEA-S levels and subsequent progression to AIDS was investigated in a sample of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men from the San Francisco Men's Health Study followed prospectively since 1984. Among 108 men seropositive for HIV at study entry and with CD4 lymphocyte counts of 200-499 microliters 24 months later, serum DHEA levels below the lower limit of normal (less than 180 ng/dl) at this later date were predictive of subsequent progression to AIDS (relative hazard = 2.34; 95% confidence interval = 1.18-4.63; P = .01) after controlling for hematocrit, age, and log absolute CD4 cell number in a Cox proportional hazards model. This is the first large prospective cohort in which an endocrinologic variable has been observed to independently predict progression to AIDS. These observations, in addition to recent in vitro data, suggest that DHEA might have a protective effect in HIV infection.
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PMID:Decreased serum dehydroepiandrosterone is associated with an increased progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection in men with CD4 cell counts of 200-499. 168 93

To evaluate whether host genotype influences disease progression among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), molecular techniques were used to determine genotypes at immune response loci for 114 HIV-1-infected homosexual/bisexual white men in the San Francisco Men's Health Study. Candidate genes evaluated were HLA-DQA1 and -DRB1, complement C4A and C4B, alpha- and beta-interferons, and the heavy chain of immunoglobulin gamma 1. Of the 114 men, 29 were asymptomatic, 21 were symptomatic men and AIDS patients (p = 0.02). Specifically, the HLA haplotype DRB1*0702-DQA1*0201 was associated with absence of symptoms (p = 0.003). Conversely, the frequency of the complement C4B-L allele was higher among patients with symptoms or with AIDS than among asymptomatic subjects (p = 0.02). These results suggest that genes in or near the major histocompatibility complex may influence the rate of disease progression among HIV-1-infected men.
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PMID:Influence of host genotype on progression to AIDS among HIV-infected men. 185 93

The apparent detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in seronegative individuals has been the subject of great concern. In this study, 324 seronegative participants in the San Francisco Men's Health Study were evaluated for evidence of infection using a PCR testing algorithm with multiple amplifications targeting different regions of the HIV-1 genome. While most PCR reactions were negative, 8.6% of the specimens showed weak reactivity with one or more primer sets. However, all were negative with at least one primer set and no definitively positive specimens were identified. This study addressed the possibility that some of these PCR reactions might represent latent infection or abortive exposure, leaving residual integrated DNA, rather than false-positive reactions. The frequency of such reactions was determined in homosexual men who have been at risk for HIV-1 infection and in exclusively heterosexual men who have little or no past exposure. The results demonstrate an identical frequency and distribution of equivocal PCR reactions in both populations. Assuming that there is minimal HIV-1 infection among seronegative heterosexual men in San Francisco, we conclude that PCR testing does not provide evidence for a reservoir of occult HIV-1 infection in seronegative homosexual men.
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PMID:An evaluation of the polymerase chain reaction in HIV-1 seronegative men. 185 94

Herpes simplex infection of the genitals is a common condition, more often due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 than to type 1 virus. There is a severe first attack followed by mild recurrences which are more common and more frequent after HSV-2 than after HSV-1 genital infection. Clinical features with prodrome, vesicles and erosions may be characteristic allowing rapid clinical diagnosis. When possible laboratory confirmation should be attempted. General management includes simple hygiene, avoidance of sexual transmission, use of condoms, and notifying partners. Oral acyclovir (Zovirax, Wellcome) is the drug of choice for initial attacks and should be considered for all women with this diagnosis. Intravenous acyclovir may be used for very severe attacks. Men with initial attacks may be treated with oral acyclovir but mild disease affecting only skin may be treated with 5% acyclovir cream. Recurrences are short so acyclovir has less effect. Frequent recurrences can be troublesome and may be suppressed by continuous oral acyclovir, or individual attacks may be aborted with intermittent therapy. Various systemic complications may occur; an important but rare problem is primary herpes in late pregnancy. Acyclovir is effective in the treatment of the troublesome herpes simplex disease associated with human immunodeficiency infection. Acyclovir is one of the more expensive treatments for sexually transmitted diseases. At present in many countries costs are being examined, and application of the principles outlined here should help to minimize cost and maximize care.
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PMID:Management of genital herpes simplex infection. 195 14

We assessed the immunopathologic role of circulating immune complexes in human immunodeficiency virus infection by evaluating the data base and the serum bank of the San Francisco Men's Health Study, a longitudinal clinical and epidemiological investigation conducted since 1983. A group of 4,276 sera from 1,023 (including 811 homosexual/bisexual) men were tested for circulating immune complexes. We used a modification of the commercially available enzyme immunoassay test, based on monoclonal anti-C1q antibodies coupled to the solid phase, for capturing circulating immune complexes from the test serum, followed by detection of circulating immune complexes with either anti-IgG or with anti-IgM probes. Although persistent IgM and IgG circulating immune complexes were most frequently encountered in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive homosexual/bisexual men, they were not an indicator of disease progression as assessed by abnormalities in the absolute numbers or ratios of CD4- and CD8-positive T cells, or clinical signs and symptoms of AIDS/ARC.
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PMID:Persistent immune complexes and abnormal CD4/CD8 ratios in HIV infection. 196 8

The impact of the migrant mine labor system in South Africa on transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was assessed by reviewing the literature on epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV, and interviewing at length 20 male miners and 24 women supporting themselves near the mines as prostitutes or mistresses. Interview subjects were selected by "strategic informant snowball sampling," a type of purpose sampling used in anthropological studies, best for collecting descriptive data. Interviews focused on familial, marital, sexual experiences and perceptions of migrant mine workers and their wives and female partners. While official reports from mine management states that there is little likelihood that HIV will spread among migrant workers and their contracts, STD morbidity rates in these groups have almost doubled between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s, and reports of HIV infection are high in some areas, notably Malawi and Botswana. The HIV prevalence among Malawian migrants rose from 3.8% in 1986 to 21% in 1989, with an African pattern of transmission. The migrant labor system is based on "hostels" where male mine workers live in barracks for long periods or indefinitely, separated from wives and families. Men pass the time drinking and seeking female companionship and sex, either as long-term sexual partners, casual short-term partners, or cash clients. The system takes a toll on marriages, with high rates of divorce and abandonment, leaving many women, who are then rejected by their families, with prostitution as their only subsistence option. People viewed AIDS education messages from mine management with suspicion, often blamed AIDS on the mines or other ethnic groups, and neither sex used or expressed interest in using condoms. Thus this population fits the description in the epidemiology of STDs of a high-risk core group with multiple partners and frequent partner change, and the mobility to be major carriers to urban, suburban and rural areas. It is suggested that AIDS education be initiated by empathetic groups such as trade unions and the African National Congress, by prevent suspicion of racism or genocide as motivation for the campaign.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus and migrant labor in South Africa. 200 69

Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are both tropic for CD4+ lymphocytes. To determine whether HHV-6 infection affects the susceptibility to or the course of HIV infection, HHV-6 titers were measured by an anticomplement immunofluorescence assay in serum of three groups of homosexual or bisexual men: (1) those with AIDS (n = 78), (2) those with HIV-associated lymphadenopathy (LAS; n = 81), and (3) those who were HIV-seronegative (n = 55). Early and late serum samples were available for 45 men with LAS (median interval 49 months). Men with early LAS did not differ from HIV-seronegative men in either the percentage that were HHV-6-seropositive or in the distribution of titers. There was a significantly lower percentage of seropositives in AIDS patients than in the other two groups (P less than .01). LAS patients who progressed to AIDS did not differ in percentage seropositivity or distribution of titers from nonprogressors. HHV-6 titers tended to decrease over time. HHV-6 titers late in LAS were similar to those in AIDS patients. These findings suggest that it is unlikely that previous exposure to HHV-6 either predisposes to or affects the course of HIV infection.
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PMID:Lack of correlation between human herpesvirus-6 infection and the course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. 215 75


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